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Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) has demonstrated significant potential in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning. However, its practical deployment is impeded by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yizhou Zhang , Ning Lv , Teng Wang , Jisheng Dang

Large Language Model (LLM) serving systems batch concurrent user requests to achieve efficient serving. However, in real-world deployments, such inter-request parallelism from batching is often limited by external factors such as low…

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by using a smaller model to draft future tokens, which are then verified by the target LLM. This preserves generation quality by accepting only aligned tokens.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Taehyeon Kim , Hojung Jung , Se-Young Yun

Tree-based speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive generation by verifying a branching tree of draft tokens in a single target-model forward pass. However, existing methods prioritize maximizing token-level likelihood or the number…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Lifu Wang , Pan Zhou

We propose Speculative Decoding (SpecDec), for the first time ever, to formally study exploiting the idea of speculative execution to accelerate autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative Decoding has two innovations: Spec-Drafter -- an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Heming Xia , Tao Ge , Peiyi Wang , Si-Qing Chen , Furu Wei , Zhifang Sui

Speculative Decoding (SD) is a widely used approach to accelerate the inference of large language models (LLMs) without reducing generation quality. It operates by first using a compact model to draft multiple tokens efficiently, followed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Hossein Entezari Zarch , Lei Gao , Chaoyi Jiang , Murali Annavaram

Speculative Decoding has emerged as a popular technique for accelerating inference in Large Language Models. However, most existing approaches yield only modest improvements in production serving systems. Methods that achieve substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Michele Marzollo , Jiawei Zhuang , Niklas Roemer , Niklas Zwingenberger , Lorenz K. Müller , Lukas Cavigelli

Recent advances with large language models (LLM) illustrate their diverse capabilities. We propose a novel algorithm, staged speculative decoding, to accelerate LLM inference in small-batch, on-device scenarios. We address the low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Benjamin Spector , Chris Re

We introduce PARSE (PArallel pRefix Speculative Engine), a speculative generation framework that accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by parallelizing prefix verification on a semantic level. Existing speculative decoding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yuncheng Yao , Yuxuan Xia , Shengjie Wang , Danyang Zhuo

Adapting large language models (LLMs) via reinforcement learning (RL) is often bottlenecked by the generation stage, which can consume over 75\% of the training time. Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates autoregressive generation in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Qiaoling Chen , Zijun Liu , Peng Sun , Shenggui Li , Guoteng Wang , Ziming Liu , Yonggang Wen , Siyuan Feng , Tianwei Zhang

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by drafting future tokens with a small model, but drafter models degrade sharply under template perturbation and long-context inputs. We identify a previously-unreported phenomenon we call…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Doğaç Eldenk , Payal Mohapatra , Yigitcan Comlek , Kaan Oktay , Hongyang Zhang , Stephen Xia

Speculative decoding (SD), where a small draft model is employed to propose draft tokens in advance and then the target model validates them in parallel, has emerged as a promising technique for LLM inference acceleration. Many endeavors to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Tianyu Liu , Qitan Lv , Hao Li , Xing Gao , Xiao Sun , Xiaoyan Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become more prevalent in long-context applications such as interactive chatbots, document analysis, and agent workflows, but it is challenging to serve long-context requests with low latency and high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Ranajoy Sadhukhan , Jian Chen , Zhuoming Chen , Vashisth Tiwari , Ruihang Lai , Jinyuan Shi , Ian En-Hsu Yen , Avner May , Tianqi Chen , Beidi Chen

With the continuous advancement in the performance of large language models (LLMs), their demand for computational resources and memory has significantly increased, which poses major challenges for efficient inference on consumer-grade…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Libo Zhang , Zhaoning Zhang , Baizhou Xu , Rui Li , Zhiliang Tian , Songzhu Mei , Dongsheng Li

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

Speculative decoding enables collaborative Large Language Model (LLM) inference across cloud and edge by separating lightweight token drafting from heavyweight verification. While prior systems show performance and cost benefits, practical…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangchen Li , Saeid Ghafouri , Jiakun Fan , Babar Ali , Hans Vandierendonck , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by drafting multiple tokens and verifying them in parallel with the target model. However, its practical speedup is constrained by the trade-off between draft quality and drafting cost:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jianuo Huang , Yaojie Zhang , Qituan Zhang , Hao Lin , Hanlin Xu , Linfeng Zhang

Speculative decoding (SD) has emerged as a method to accelerate LLM inference without sacrificing any accuracy over the 16-bit model inference. In a typical SD setup, the idea is to use a full-precision, small, fast model as "draft" to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Evangelos Georganas , Dhiraj Kalamkar , Alexander Kozlov , Alexander Heinecke

The past few years have witnessed a growing interest in LLM-based recommender systems (RSs), although their industrial deployment remains in a preliminary stage. Most existing deployments leverage LLMs offline as feature enhancers,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yunjia Xi , Hangyu Wang , Bo Chen , Jianghao Lin , Menghui Zhu , Weiwen Liu , Ruiming Tang , Zhewei Wei , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu