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The problem of RNA secondary structure design (also called inverse folding) is the following: given a target secondary structure, one aims to create a sequence that folds into, or is compatible with, a given structure. In several practical…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2013-08-02 Yu Zhou , Yann Ponty , Stéphane Vialette , Jérôme Waldispühl , Yi Zhang , Alain Denise

RNA design, the task of finding a sequence that folds into a target secondary structure, has broad biological and biomedical impact but remains computationally challenging due to the exponentially large sequence space and exponentially many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Milan Gautam , Ning Dai , Tianshuo Zhou , Bowen Xie , David Mathews , Liang Huang

The growing significance of RNA engineering in diverse biological applications has spurred interest in developing AI methods for structure-based RNA design. While diffusion models have excelled in protein design, adapting them for RNA…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-11 Divya Nori , Wengong Jin

Solving the RNA inverse folding problem is a critical prerequisite to RNA design, an emerging field in bioengineering with a broad range of applications from reaction catalysis to cancer therapy. Although significant progress has been made…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-03-07 Jade Shi , Rhiju Das , Vijay S. Pande

RNA plays a pivotal role in diverse biological processes, ranging from gene regulation to catalysis. Recent advances in RNA design, such as RfamGen, Ribodiffusion and RDesign, have demonstrated promising results, with successful designs of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-11 Letian Gao , Zhi John Lu

RNA design aims to identify RNA sequences that fold into a target secondary structure. This task is challenging in terms of computational efficiency. Most existing methods focus on either minimum free energy (MFE)-based or ensemble-based…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-04 Tianshuo Zhou , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

RNA design shows growing applications in synthetic biology and therapeutics, driven by the crucial role of RNA in various biological processes. A fundamental challenge is to find functional RNA sequences that satisfy given structural…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-18 Han Huang , Ziqian Lin , Dongchen He , Liang Hong , Yu Li

Motivation: RNA design aims to find RNA sequences that fold into a given target secondary structure, a problem also known as RNA inverse folding. However, not all target structures are designable. Recent advances in RNA designability have…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tianshuo Zhou , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

We consider the inverse-folding problem for RNA secondary structures: for a given (pseudo-knot-free) secondary structure find a sequence that has that structure as its ground state. If such a sequence exists, the structure is called…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Bernd Burghardt , Alexander K. Hartmann

An RNA sequence is a word over an alphabet on four elements $\{A,C,G,U\}$ called bases. RNA sequences fold into secondary structures where some bases match one another while others remain unpaired. Pseudoknot-free secondary structures can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Édouard Bonnet , Paweł Rzążewski , Florian Sikora

RNA's diverse biological functions stem from its structural versatility, yet accurately predicting and designing RNA sequences given a 3D conformation (inverse folding) remains a challenge. Here, I introduce a deep learning framework that…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-06 Annabelle Yao

Designing RNA molecules has garnered recent interest in medicine, synthetic biology, biotechnology and bioinformatics since many functional RNA molecules were shown to be involved in regulatory processes for transcription, epigenetics and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Frederic Runge , Danny Stoll , Stefan Falkner , Frank Hutter

Several algorithms for RNA inverse folding have been used to design synthetic riboswitches, ribozymes and thermoswitches, whose activity has been experimentally validated. The RNAiFold software is unique among approaches for inverse folding…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-29 Juan Antonio Garcia-Martin , Ivan Dotu , Peter Clote

The RNA inverse folding problem, a key challenge in RNA design, involves identifying nucleotide sequences that can fold into desired secondary structures, which are critical for ensuring molecular stability and function. The inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Guang Yang , Lei Fan

RNA design aims to find a sequence that folds with highest probability into a designated target structure. However, certain structures are undesignable, meaning no sequence can fold into the target structure under the default (Turner) RNA…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Tianshuo Zhou , Wei Yu Tang , Apoorv Malik , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) binds to molecules to achieve specific biological functions. While generative models are advancing biomolecule design, existing methods for designing RNA that target specific ligands face limitations in capturing…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-14 Runze Ma , Zhongyue Zhang , Zichen Wang , Chenqing Hua , Jiahua Rao , Zhuomin Zhou , Shuangjia Zheng

RNA inverse folding, designing sequences to form specific 3D structures, is critical for therapeutics, gene regulation, and synthetic biology. Current methods, focused on sequence recovery, struggle to address structural objectives like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Qi Si , Xuyang Liu , Penglei Wang , Xin Guo , Yuan Qi , Yuan Cheng

Computational RNA design tasks are often posed as inverse problems, where sequences are designed based on adopting a single desired secondary structure without considering 3D conformational diversity. We introduce gRNAde, a geometric RNA…

RNA design is the search for a sequence or set of sequences that will fold into predefined structures, also known as the inverse problem of RNA folding. While numerous RNA design methods have been invented to find sequences capable of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-13 Tianshuo Zhou , Wei Yu Tang , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

Accurate prediction of RNA three-dimensional (3D) structure remains an unsolved challenge. Determining RNA 3D structures is crucial for understanding their functions and informing RNA-targeting drug development and synthetic biology design.…

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