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Various techniques have been proposed to improve large language models (LLMs) adherence to formatting and instruction constraints. One of the most effective approaches involves utilizing high-quality data generated by powerful models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Sihyun Park

As applications of large language models (LLMs) become increasingly complex, the demand for robust complex instruction following capabilities is growing accordingly. We argue that a thorough understanding of the instruction itself,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuancheng Yang , Lin Yang , Xu Wang , Chao Tong , Haihua Yang

Instruction following is critical for large language models, yet real-world instructions often involve multiple constraints with logical structures, such as parallel composition, sequential dependencies, and conditional branching. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Qingyu Ren , Qianyu He , Jingwen Chang , Geng Zhang , Jiajie Zhu , Xingzhou Chen , Zhuofei Shi , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Han Xia , Zeye Sun , Fei Yu

Modern Language Models (LMs) are capable of following long and complex instructions that enable a large and diverse set of user requests. While Information Retrieval (IR) models use these LMs as the backbone of their architectures,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Orion Weller , Benjamin Chang , Sean MacAvaney , Kyle Lo , Arman Cohan , Benjamin Van Durme , Dawn Lawrie , Luca Soldaini

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow instructions is crucial to real-world applications. Despite recent advances, several studies have highlighted that LLMs struggle when faced with challenging instructions, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Haoran Sun , Lixin Liu , Junjie Li , Fengyu Wang , Baohua Dong , Ran Lin , Ruohui Huang

We introduce Learning to Self-Evolve (LSE), a reinforcement learning framework that trains large language models (LLMs) to improve their own contexts at test time. We situate LSE in the setting of test-time self-evolution, where a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xiaoyin Chen , Canwen Xu , Yite Wang , Boyi Liu , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Instruction following is a core capability of modern Large language models (LLMs), making evaluating this capability essential to understanding these models. The Instruction Following Evaluation (IFEval) benchmark from the literature does…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Antoine Dussolle , Andrea Cardeña Díaz , Shota Sato , Peter Devine

Imitation learning has been a trend recently, yet training a generalist agent across multiple tasks still requires large-scale expert demonstrations, which are costly and labor-intensive to collect. To address the challenge of limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yifan Ye , Jun Cen , Jing Chen , Zhihe Lu

Embodied Instruction Following (EIF) is a crucial task in embodied learning, requiring agents to interact with their environment through egocentric observations to fulfill natural language instructions. Recent advancements have seen a surge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Haochen Shi , Zhiyuan Sun , Xingdi Yuan , Marc-Alexandre Côté , Bang Liu

Instruction Fine-Tuning enhances pre-trained language models from basic next-word prediction to complex instruction-following. However, existing One-off Instruction Fine-Tuning (One-off IFT) method, applied on a diverse instruction, may not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Wei Pang , Chuan Zhou , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Xiaojie Wang

Reasoning models excel in complex problem solving but exhibit a concerning trade off between reasoning capabilities and instruction following abilities. Existing approaches for improving instruction following rely on stronger external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Qingyu Ren , Qianyu He , Bowei Zhang , Jie Zeng , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao , Weikang Zhou , Zeye Sun , Fei Yu

Instruction tuning has been widely used to unleash the complete potential of large language models. Notably, complex and diverse instructions are of significant importance as they can effectively align models with various downstream tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Tingfeng Hui , Lulu Zhao , Guanting Dong , Yaqi Zhang , Hua Zhou , Sen Su

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly improved through interaction, yet most self-evolution methods adapt either the policy or the learning environment in isolation. We identify this structural gap as \emph{Agent-Environment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yihao Hu , Zhihao Wen , Xiujin Liu , Pan Wang , Xin Zhang , Wei Wu

Evaluating the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in following instructions has heavily relied on a powerful LLM as the judge, introducing unresolved biases that deviate the judgments from human judges. In this work, we reevaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Xinxi Lyu , Yizhong Wang , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Pradeep Dasigi

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) can be tailored to adhere to human instructions through instruction tuning. However, due to shifts in the distribution of test-time data, they may not always execute instructions accurately,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Hai Ye , Hwee Tou Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, yet their deployment in enterprise environments reveals a critical limitation: inconsistent adherence to custom instructions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Vishesh Tripathi , Uday Allu , Biddwan Ahmed

The effective assessment of the instruction-following ability of large language models (LLMs) is of paramount importance. A model that cannot adhere to human instructions might be not able to provide reliable and helpful responses. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yimin Jing , Renren Jin , Jiahao Hu , Huishi Qiu , Xiaohua Wang , Peng Wang , Deyi Xiong

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled the industry to develop various AI-based services. Instruction tuning is considered essential in adapting foundation models for target domains to provide high-quality services…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Jungwoo Kim , Minsang Kim , Sungjin Lee

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world scenarios, it becomes crucial to understand their ability to follow multiple instructions simultaneously. To systematically evaluate these capabilities, we introduce two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Keno Harada , Yudai Yamazaki , Masachika Taniguchi , Edison Marrese-Taylor , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful but static; they lack mechanisms to adapt their weights in response to new tasks, knowledge, or examples. We introduce Self-Adapting LLMs (SEAL), a framework that enables LLMs to self-adapt by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Adam Zweiger , Jyothish Pari , Han Guo , Ekin Akyürek , Yoon Kim , Pulkit Agrawal