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Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralised model training across distributed clients without requiring data centralisation. However, the generalisation performance of the global model is usually degraded by data heterogeneity across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ozgu Goksu , Nicolas Pugeault

Personalized federated learning (pFL) enables collaborative training among multiple clients to enhance the capability of customized local models. In pFL, clients may have heterogeneous (also known as non-IID) data, which poses a key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Lingzhi Gao , Zexi Li , Yang Lu , Chao Wu

Data heterogeneity poses a fundamental challenge in federated learning (FL), especially when clients differ not only in distribution but also in the reliability of their predictions across individual examples. While personalized FL (PFL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Amr Abourayya , Jens Kleesiek , Bharat Rao , Michael Kamp

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across decentralized devices while preserving data privacy. However, traditional FL suffers from communication overhead, system heterogeneity, and straggler effects. Asynchronous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ali Forootani , Raffaele Iervolino

Federated learning enables collaborative machine learning while preserving data privacy, but high communication and computation costs, exacerbated by statistical and device heterogeneity, limit its practicality in mobile edge computing.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Jinghong Tan , Zhichen Zhang , Kun Guo , Tsung-Hui Chang , Tony Q. S. Quek

Multimodal federated learning in real-world settings often encounters incomplete and heterogeneous data across clients. This results in misaligned local feature representations that limit the effectiveness of model aggregation. Unlike prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Duong M. Nguyen , Trong Nghia Hoang , Thanh Trung Huynh , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen

Device heterogeneity poses major challenges in Federated Learning (FL), where resource-constrained clients slow down synchronous schemes that wait for all updates before aggregation. Asynchronous FL addresses this by incorporating updates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Samaneh Mohammadi , Iraklis Symeonidis , Ali Balador , Francesco Flammini

Federated learning (FL) is a rapidly growing privacy-preserving collaborative machine learning paradigm. In practical FL applications, local data from each data silo reflect local usage patterns. Therefore, there exists heterogeneity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Shenglai Zeng , Zonghang Li , Hongfang Yu , Yihong He , Zenglin Xu , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu

The performance of Federated Learning (FL) hinges on the effectiveness of utilizing knowledge from distributed datasets. Traditional FL methods adopt an aggregate-then-adapt framework, where clients update local models based on a global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Yuan Wang , Huazhu Fu , Renuga Kanagavelu , Qingsong Wei , Yong Liu , Rick Siow Mong Goh

With the advancement of edge computing, federated learning (FL) displays a bright promise as a privacy-preserving collaborative learning paradigm. However, one major challenge for FL is the data heterogeneity issue, which refers to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Huan Wang , Haoran Li , Huaming Chen , Jun Yan , Lijuan Wang , Jiahua Shi , Shiping Chen , Jun Shen

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative learning of large-scale distributed clients without data sharing. However, due to the disparity of computing resources among massive mobile computing devices, the performance of traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Ruixuan Liu , Ming Hu , Zeke Xia , Jun Xia , Pengyu Zhang , Yihao Huang , Yang Liu , Mingsong Chen

Heterogeneity in federated learning (FL) is a critical and challenging aspect that significantly impacts model performance and convergence. In this paper, we propose a novel framework by formulating heterogeneous FL as a hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Yuyang Qiu , Kibaek Kim , Farzad Yousefian

Wireless federated learning (WFL) suffers from heterogeneity prevailing in the data distributions, computing powers, and channel conditions of participating devices. This paper presents a new Federated Learning with Adjusted leaRning ratE…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-24 Bingnan Xiao , Jingjing Zhang , Wei Ni , Xin Wang

Integrating Federated Learning (FL) with self-supervised learning (SSL) enables privacy-preserving fine-tuning for speech tasks. However, federated environments exhibit significant heterogeneity: clients differ in computational capacity,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Xin Guo , Chunrui Zhao , Hong Jia , Ting Dang , Gongping Huang , Xianrui Zheng , Yan Gao

Graph Federated Learning (GFL) enables collaborative representation learning across distributed subgraphs while preserving privacy. However, heterogeneity remains a critical challenge, as subgraphs across clients typically differ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Wentao Yu , Bo Han , Jie Yang , Chen Gong

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising approach to training machine learning models across decentralized data sources while preserving data privacy, particularly in manufacturing and shared production environments. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Tatjana Legler , Vinit Hegiste , Ahmed Anwar , Martin Ruskowski

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across decentralized devices while preserving data privacy. However, real-world FL deployments face critical challenges such as data imbalances, including label noise and non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Siqi Zhu , Joshua D. Kaggie

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) enables distributed training on edge devices, allowing models to collaboratively learn global patterns while tailoring their parameters to better fit each client's local data, all while preserving data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sannara Ek , Kaile Wang , François Portet , Philippe Lalanda , Jiannong Cao

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple clients to collectively train a high-performance global model without sharing their private data. However, the key challenge in federated learning is that the clients have significant statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Liang Gao , Huazhu Fu , Li Li , Yingwen Chen , Ming Xu , Cheng-Zhong Xu