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Federated learning increasingly operates in a large-model regime where communication, memory, and computation are all scarce. Typically, non-IID client data induce drift that degrades the stability and performance of local training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Shuchen Zhu , Zhengyang Huang , Yuqi Xu , Peijin Li

Federated Multi-Label Learning is a distributed paradigm where multiple clients possess heterogeneous multi-label data and perform collaborative learning under privacy constraints without sharing raw data. However, modeling label…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Zhiqiang Kou , Junxiang Wu , Wenke Huang , Wenwen He , Ming-Kun Xie , Changwei Wang , Yuheng Jia , Di Jiang , Yang Liu , Xin Geng , Qiang Yang

The key premise of federated learning (FL) is to train ML models across a diverse set of data-owners (clients), without exchanging local data. An overarching challenge to this date is client heterogeneity, which may arise not only from…

Over the last few decades, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) solutions have demonstrated their potential across many applications by leveraging large amounts of high-quality data. However, strict data-sharing regulations such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 S M Ruhul Kabir Howlader , Xiao Chen , Yifei Xie , Lu Liu

Client selection strategies are widely adopted to handle the communication-efficient problem in recent studies of Federated Learning (FL). However, due to the large variance of the selected subset's update, prior selection approaches with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Guangyuan Shen , Dehong Gao , Libin Yang , Fang Zhou , Duanxiao Song , Wei Lou , Shirui Pan

Federated Learning (FL) offers a pioneering distributed learning paradigm that enables devices/clients to build a shared global model. This global model is obtained through frequent model transmissions between clients and a central server,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Minghong Wu , Minghui Liwang , Yuhan Su , Li Li , Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Xianbin Wang , Huaiyu Dai , Zhenzhen Jiao

Federated learning enables collaborative model training without sharing raw data, but its performance can degrade substantially under heterogeneous client data distributions. A single global model often cannot satisfy diverse client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yunseok Kang , Jaeyoung Song

Heterogeneous federated learning (HtFL) aims to enable collaboration among clients that differ in both data distributions and model architectures. Prototype-based methods, which communicate class-level feature centers (prototypes) instead…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xinghao Wu , Jianwei Niu , Guogang Zhu , Xuefeng Liu , Shaojie Tang , Jiayuan Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning framework facilitating collaborative training across distributed clients. However, its performance is often compromised by data heterogeneity among participants, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Ziru Niu , Hai Dong , A. K. Qin

Conventional synchronous federated learning (SFL) frameworks suffer from performance degradation in heterogeneous systems due to imbalanced local data size and diverse computing power on the client side. To address this problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yumeng Shao , Jun Li , Long Shi , Kang Wei , Ming Ding , Qianmu Li , Zengxiang Li , Wen Chen , Shi Jin

Federated learning ensures the privacy of clients by conducting distributed training on individual client devices and sharing only the model weights with a central server. However, in real-world scenarios, the heterogeneity of data among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Jaewon Jang , Bonjun Choi

Federated Learning (FL) suffers from severe performance degradation due to the data heterogeneity among clients. Existing works reveal that the fundamental reason is that data heterogeneity can cause client drift where the local model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Haoran Xu , Jiaze Li , Wanyi Wu , Hao Ren

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm where clients collaboratively train a model while keeping their own data private. With an increasing scale of clients and models, FL encounters two key challenges, client drift due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jianhui Sun , Xidong Wu , Heng Huang , Aidong Zhang

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

Federated learning enables collaborative model training across distributed clients while preserving data privacy. However, in practical deployments, device heterogeneity, non-independent, and identically distributed (Non-IID) data often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jin Wang , Hui Ma , Fei Xing , Ming Yan

With the prevalence of Large Learning Models (LLM), Split Federated Learning (SFL), which divides a learning model into server-side and client-side models, has emerged as an appealing technology to deal with the heavy computational burden…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yipeng Liang , Qimei Chen , Guangxu Zhu , Muhammad Kaleem Awan , Hao Jiang

Heterogeneous federated learning (HFL) aims to ensure effective and privacy-preserving collaboration among different entities. As newly joined clients require significant adjustments and additional training to align with the existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Kaile Wang , Jiannong Cao , Yu Yang , Xiaoyin Li , Mingjin Zhang

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients (e.g., edge devices) without sharing raw data. Yet, FL can be computationally expensive as the clients need to train the entire model multiple times.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang

Federated Learning (FL) enables a distributed client-server architecture where multiple clients collaboratively train a global Machine Learning (ML) model without sharing sensitive local data. However, FL often results in lower accuracy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Nihal Balivada , Shrey Gupta , Shashank Shreedhar Bhatt , Suyash Gupta

SplitFed Learning (SFL) combines federated learning and split learning to enable collaborative training across distributed edge devices; however, it faces significant challenges in heterogeneous environments with diverse computational and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Abdullah Al Asif , Sixing Yu , Juan Pablo Munoz , Arya Mazaheri , Ali Jannesari