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The exponential growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to highlight the need for efficient strategies to meet ever-expanding computational and data demands. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of two complementary…

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered increasing attention owing to their powerful logical reasoning capabilities. Generally, larger LLMs (L-LLMs) that require paid interfaces exhibit significantly superior performance compared to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Dong Chen , Shilin Zhang , Fei Gao , Yueting Zhuang , Siliang Tang , Qidong Liu , Mingliang Xu

Since the advent of reasoning-based large language models, many have found great success from distilling reasoning capabilities into student models. Such techniques have significantly bridged the gap between reasoning and standard LLMs on…

Reinforcement learning has become a central paradigm for improving LLM reasoning, but most existing methods optimize policies over discrete token sequences. This creates a mismatch between the optimization space and the structure of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haoqiang Kang , Yizhe Zhang , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Yi-An Ma , Lianhui Qin

Reasoning-capable language models achieve state-of-the-art performance in diverse complex tasks by generating long, explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) traces. While recent works show that base models can acquire such reasoning traces via…

Recent advances in model distillation show that data from advanced reasoning models can effectively train smaller student models. However, standard practices discard incorrect reasoning traces -- valuable, yet underutilized data. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shuyao Xu , Cheng Peng , Jiangxuan Long , Weidi Xu , Wei Chu , Yuan Qi

Recent large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities that benefits from online reinforcement learning (RL). These capabilities have primarily been demonstrated within the left-to-right autoregressive (AR)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Siyan Zhao , Devaansh Gupta , Qinqing Zheng , Aditya Grover

Distilling reasoning capabilities from Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) into smaller models is typically constrained by the limitation of rejection sampling. Standard methods treat the teacher as a static filter, discarding complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Wenjing Zhang , Jiangze Yan , Jieyun Huang , Yi Shen , Shuming Shi , Ping Chen , Ning Wang , Zhaoxiang Liu , Kai Wang , Shiguo Lian

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) for discriminative workloads is often limited by inference latency, compute, and API costs at scale. Active distillation reduces these costs by querying an LLM oracle to train compact discriminative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Ziyang Yu , Liang Zhao

The LLMSR@XLLM25 formulates a low-resource structural reasoning task that challenges LLMs to generate interpretable, step-by-step rationales with minimal labeled data. We present Less is More, the third-place winning approach in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Yuan , Xingzhe Sun , Xing Yu , Jingwen Wang , Dehui Du , Zhiqing Cui , Zixiang Di

The reasoning steps generated by LLMs might be incomplete, as they mimic logical leaps common in everyday communication found in their pre-training data: underlying rationales are frequently left implicit (unstated). To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Dongwei Jiang , Guoxuan Wang , Yining Lu , Andrew Wang , Jingyu Zhang , Chuyu Liu , Benjamin Van Durme , Daniel Khashabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in handling complex reasoning tasks through step-by-step rationale generation. However, recent studies have raised concerns regarding the hallucination and flaws in their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Fangkai Jiao , Chengwei Qin , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

Logical reasoning task has attracted great interest since it was proposed. Faced with such a task, current competitive models, even large language models (e.g., ChatGPT and PaLM 2), still perform badly. Previous promising LMs struggle in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Tianzhe Zhao , Jiawei Han , Jun Liu

Inference-time scaling through multiple sample generation in combination with Process- or Outcome-Reward Model (PRM or ORM) re-ranking has proven effective for text-based reasoning in large language models. This paper investigates whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Minghan Wang , Thuy-Trang Vu , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress by leveraging Reinforcement Learning and extended Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, the challenge of performing efficient language reasoning--especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhong-Zhi Li , Xiao Liang , Zihao Tang , Lei Ji , Peijie Wang , Haotian Xu , Xing W , Haizhen Huang , Weiwei Deng , Yeyun Gong , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao Liu , Fei Yin , Cheng-Lin Liu

The widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is hindered by the high computational demands, making knowledge distillation (KD) crucial for developing compact smaller ones. However, the conventional KD methods endure the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zengkui Sun , Yijin Liu , Fandong Meng , Yufeng Chen , Jinan Xu , Jie Zhou

Language model (LM) distillation aims at distilling the knowledge in a large teacher LM to a small student one. As a critical issue facing LM distillation, a superior student often arises from a teacher of a relatively small scale instead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Chen Zhang , Qiuchi Li , Dawei Song , Zheyu Ye , Yan Gao , Yan Hu

In this report, we introduce DASD-4B-Thinking, a lightweight yet highly capable, fully open-source reasoning model. It achieves SOTA performance among open-source models of comparable scale across challenging benchmarks in mathematics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Shaotian Yan , Kaiyuan Liu , Chen Shen , Bing Wang , Sinan Fan , Jun Zhang , Yue Wu , Zheng Wang , Jieping Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently made significant advances in code generation through the 'Chain-of-Thought' prompting technique. This technique empowers the model to autonomously devise "solution plans" to tackle intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Bolun Li , Yao Wan , Hongyu Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Large Reasoning Models(LRMs) such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities by scaling test-time compute and generating long Chain-of-Thought(CoT). Distillation--post-training on LRMs-generated data--is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Huifeng Yin , Yu Zhao , Minghao Wu , Xuanfan Ni , Bo Zeng , Hao Wang , Tianqi Shi , Liangying Shao , Chenyang Lyu , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang
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