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Universal multimodal embedding models have achieved great success in capturing semantic relevance between queries and candidates. However, current methods either condense queries and candidates into a single vector, potentially limiting the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zilin Xiao , Qi Ma , Mengting Gu , Chun-cheng Jason Chen , Xintao Chen , Vicente Ordonez , Vijai Mohan

We introduce MIM (Masked Image Modeling)-Refiner, a contrastive learning boost for pre-trained MIM models. MIM-Refiner is motivated by the insight that strong representations within MIM models generally reside in intermediate layers.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Benedikt Alkin , Lukas Miklautz , Sepp Hochreiter , Johannes Brandstetter

Recent advances in dense retrieval techniques have offered the promise of being able not just to re-rank documents using contextualised language models such as BERT, but also to use such models to identify documents from the collection in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-25 Nicola Tonellotto , Craig Macdonald

Dense retrieval techniques employ pre-trained large language models to build a high-dimensional representation of queries and passages. These representations compute the relevance of a passage w.r.t. to a query using efficient similarity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Franco Maria Nardini , Cosimo Rulli , Rossano Venturini

Multi-vector embedding models have emerged as a powerful paradigm for document retrieval, preserving fine-grained visual and textual details through token-level representations. However, this expressiveness comes at a staggering cost:…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sungguk Cha , DongWook Kim , Mintae Kim , Youngsub Han , Byoung-Ki Jeon , Sangyeob Lee

Sequential dense retrieval models utilize advanced sequence learning techniques to compute item and user representations, which are then used to rank relevant items for a user through inner product computation between the user and all item…

Dense Retrieval (DR) has achieved state-of-the-art first-stage ranking effectiveness. However, the efficiency of most existing DR models is limited by the large memory cost of storing dense vectors and the time-consuming nearest neighbor…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Jingtao Zhan , Jiaxin Mao , Yiqun Liu , Jiafeng Guo , Min Zhang , Shaoping Ma

Dense retrieval systems increasingly need to handle complex queries. In many realistic settings, users express intent through long instructions or task-specific descriptions, while target documents remain relatively simple and static. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Seiji Maekawa , Moin Aminnaseri , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka

Retrieving specific information from a large corpus of documents is a prevalent industrial use case of modern AI, notably due to the popularity of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Although neural document retrieval models have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Paul Teiletche , Quentin Macé , Max Conti , Antonio Loison , Gautier Viaud , Pierre Colombo , Manuel Faysse

Multimodal documents contain diverse elements, such as tables, figures, and layouts, which can complicate retrieval tasks. While current approaches typically combine dense visual embedding models with supervised rerankers to achieve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ruofan Hu , Menghui Zhu , Jieming Zhu , Bo Chen , Shengyang Xu , Minjie Hong , Xiaoda Yang , Sashuai Zhou , Li Tang , Tao Jin , Zhou Zhao

We introduce jina-embeddings-v4, a 3.8 billion parameter multimodal embedding model that unifies text and image representations through a novel architecture supporting both single-vector and multi-vector embeddings in the late interaction…

Embedding-based retrieval methods construct vector indices to search for document representations that are most similar to the query representations. They are widely used in document retrieval due to low latency and decent recall…

The recently developed and publicly available synthetic image generation methods and services make it possible to create extremely realistic imagery on demand, raising great risks for the integrity and safety of online information.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Christos Koutlis , Symeon Papadopoulos

Neural information retrieval (IR) has greatly advanced search and other knowledge-intensive language tasks. While many neural IR methods encode queries and documents into single-vector representations, late interaction models produce…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Keshav Santhanam , Omar Khattab , Jon Saad-Falcon , Christopher Potts , Matei Zaharia

Generative Information Retrieval (GenIR) is a novel paradigm in which a transformer encoder-decoder model predicts document rankings based on a query in an end-to-end fashion. These GenIR models have received significant attention due to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Anja Reusch , Yonatan Belinkov

Recent advances in embedding-based retrieval have enabled dense retrievers to serve as core infrastructure in many industrial systems, where a single retrieval backbone is often shared across multiple downstream applications. In such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yunhan Li , Mingjie Xie , Zihan Gong , Zeyang Shi , Gengshen Wu , Min Yang

Attention mechanisms that confer selective focus on a strict subset of input elements are nearly ubiquitous in language models today. We posit there to be downside to the use of attention: most input information is lost. In support of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Benjamin L. Badger

Text embedding models have been popular for information retrieval applications such as semantic search and Question-Answering systems based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Those models are typically Transformer models that are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gabriel de Souza P. Moreira , Radek Osmulski , Mengyao Xu , Ronay Ak , Benedikt Schifferer , Even Oldridge

Many recent approaches of passage retrieval are using dense embeddings generated from deep neural models, called "dense passage retrieval". The state-of-the-art end-to-end dense passage retrieval systems normally deploy a deep neural model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yifan Wang , Haodi Ma , Daisy Zhe Wang

Dense retrieval has shown promise in the first-stage retrieval process when trained on in-domain labeled datasets. However, previous studies have found that dense retrieval is hard to generalize to unseen domains due to its weak modeling of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Shicheng Xu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng