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Large Language Models (LLMs) hallucinate, and detecting these cases is key to ensuring trust. While many approaches address hallucination detection at the response or span level, recent work explores token-level detection, enabling more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jakob Snel , Seong Joon Oh

Self-consistency has emerged as a powerful method for improving the accuracy of short answers generated by large language models. As previously defined, it only concerns the accuracy of a final answer parsed from generated text. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Christopher Malon , Xiaodan Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in both research and real-world applications, but they still struggle with hallucination. Existing hallucination detection methods often perform poorly on sentence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Weizhi Gao , Xiaorui Liu , Feiyi Wang , Dan Lu , Junqi Yin

Despite significant progress in the quality of language generated from abstractive summarization models, these models still exhibit the tendency to hallucinate, i.e., output content not supported by the source document. A number of works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Liam van der Poel , Ryan Cotterell , Clara Meister

With the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, prompt engineering and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have become mainstream to enhance LLMs' performance on complex tasks. However, LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Wei Chen , Guoyang Ju , Yuanyuan Qi

The ability to judge whether a caption correctly describes an image is a critical part of vision-language understanding. However, state-of-the-art models often misinterpret the correctness of fine-grained details, leading to errors in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Suzanne Petryk , Spencer Whitehead , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , Anna Rohrbach , Marcus Rohrbach

Neural sequence models can generate highly fluent sentences, but recent studies have also shown that they are also prone to hallucinate additional content not supported by the input. These variety of fluent but wrong outputs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Chunting Zhou , Graham Neubig , Jiatao Gu , Mona Diab , Paco Guzman , Luke Zettlemoyer , Marjan Ghazvininejad

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often suffer from hallucinations, particularly errors in object existence, attributes, or relations, which undermine their reliability. We introduce TACO (Verified Atomic Confidence Estimation), a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Jiarui Liu , Weihao Xuan , Zhijing Jin , Mona Diab

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong mathematical reasoning capabilities but remain susceptible to hallucinations producing plausible yet incorrect statements especially in theorem proving, symbolic manipulation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 MingShan Liu , Jialing Fang

Benchmarks measure whether a model is correct. They do not measure whether a model is reliable. This distinction is largely academic for single-shot inference, but becomes critical for agentic AI systems, where a single rephrased prompt can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aaron R. Flouro , Shawn P. Chadwick

Detecting whether an LLM hallucinates is an important research challenge. One promising way of doing so is to estimate the semantic entropy (Farquhar et al., 2024) of the distribution of generated sequences. We propose a new algorithm for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kamil Ciosek , Nicolò Felicioni , Sina Ghiassian

While large language models (LLMs) have taken great strides towards helping humans with a plethora of tasks, hallucinations remain a major impediment towards gaining user trust. The fluency and coherence of model generations even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Ben Snyder , Marius Moisescu , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit deficient reasoning or generate hallucinations. To address these, studies prefixed with "Self-" such as Self-Consistency, Self-Improve, and Self-Refine have been initiated. They share a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xun Liang , Shichao Song , Zifan Zheng , Hanyu Wang , Qingchen Yu , Xunkai Li , Rong-Hua Li , Yi Wang , Zhonghao Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

This project develops a self correcting framework for large language models (LLMs) that detects and mitigates hallucinations during multi-step reasoning. Rather than relying solely on final answer correctness, our approach leverages fine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Chelsea Zou , Yiheng Yao , Basant Khalil

Vision-language models (VLMs) now rival human performance on many multimodal tasks, yet they still hallucinate objects or generate unsafe text. Current hallucination detectors, e.g., single-token linear probing (LP) and PTrue, typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Geigh Zollicoffer , Minh Vu , Manish Bhattarai

We study a single-buyer pricing problem with unreliable side information, motivated by the increasing use of AI-assisted decision-making and LLM-based predictions. The seller observes a private sample that may be either accurate (coinciding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhihao Gavin Tang , Yixin Tao , Shixin Wang

Knowledge hallucination have raised widespread concerns for the security and reliability of deployed LLMs. Previous efforts in detecting hallucinations have been employed at logit-level uncertainty estimation or language-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Chao Chen , Kai Liu , Ze Chen , Yi Gu , Yue Wu , Mingyuan Tao , Zhihang Fu , Jieping Ye

Large language models (LLMs) produce fluent but unsupported answers - hallucinations - limiting safe deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose ECLIPSE, a framework that treats hallucination as a mismatch between a model's semantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Mainak Singha

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to complex tasks that require extended reasoning. In such settings, models often benefit from diverse chains-of-thought to arrive at multiple candidate solutions. This requires two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xueyan Li , Guinan Su , Mrinmaya Sachan , Jonas Geiping

Large language models generate outputs stochastically and may produce fluent but invalid responses, including factual hallucinations. Existing mitigation strategies reduce average error rates but do not provide explicit control over the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Sreenivasan Mohandas
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