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Whole-slide images (WSIs) contain tissue information distributed across multiple magnification levels, yet most self-supervised methods treat these scales as independent views. This separation prevents models from learning representations…

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become a preferred method for gigapixel whole slide image (WSI) classification without requiring patch-level annotations. Current MIL research primarily relies on embedding-based approaches, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Bryan Wong , Sungrae Hong , Mun Yong Yi

Since the emergence of the ImageNet dataset, the pretraining and fine-tuning approach has become widely adopted in computer vision due to the ability of ImageNet-pretrained models to learn a wide variety of visual features. However, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Pablo Meseguer , Rocío del Amor , Adrian Colomer , Valery Naranjo

Multi-modal learning adeptly integrates visual and textual data, but its application to histopathology image and text analysis remains challenging, particularly with large, high-resolution images like gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Quan Liu , Ruining Deng , Can Cui , Tianyuan Yao , Vishwesh Nath , Yucheng Tang , Yuankai Huo

Digital pathology is revolutionizing the field of pathology by enabling the digitization, storage, and analysis of tissue samples as whole slide images (WSIs). WSIs are gigapixel files that capture the intricate details of tissue samples,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 S. Hemati , Krishna R. Kalari , H. R. Tizhoosh

Whole slide image (WSI) analysis in digital pathology presents unique challenges due to the gigapixel resolution of WSIs and the scarcity of dense supervision signals. While Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a natural fit for slide-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sofiène Boutaj , Marin Scalbert , Pierre Marza , Florent Couzinie-Devy , Maria Vakalopoulou , Stergios Christodoulidis

Cancer diagnosis has greatly benefited from the integration of whole-slide images (WSIs) with multiple instance learning (MIL), enabling high-resolution analysis of tissue morphology. Graph-based MIL (GNN-MIL) approaches have emerged as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Jongwoo Kim , Bryan Wong , Huazhu Fu , Willmer Rafell Quiñones , Youngsin Ko , Mun Yong Yi

Digital whole slide images (WSIs) are generally captured at microscopic resolution and encompass extensive spatial data. Directly feeding these images to deep learning models is computationally intractable due to memory constraints, while…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-22 Manahil Raza , Ruqayya Awan , Raja Muhammad Saad Bashir , Talha Qaiser , Nasir M. Rajpoot

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology, achieving strong diagnostic performance through patch-level feature aggregation. However, existing MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yiran Song , Yikai Zhang , Shuang Zhou , Guojun Xiong , Xiaofeng Yang , Nian Wang , Fenglong Ma , Rui Zhang , Mingquan Lin

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

Whole slide images, with their gigapixel-scale panoramas of tissue samples, are pivotal for precise disease diagnosis. However, their analysis is hindered by immense data size and scarce annotations. Existing MIL methods face challenges due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Weiyi Wu , Xinwen Xu , Chongyang Gao , Xingjian Diao , Siting Li , Jiang Gui

A crucial step to efficiently integrate Whole Slide Images (WSIs) in computational pathology is assigning a single high-quality feature vector, i.e., one embedding, to each WSI. With the existence of many pre-trained deep neural networks…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Sobhan Hemati , Ghazal Alabtah , Saghir Alfasly , H. R. Tizhoosh

Despite remarkable efforts been made, the classification of gigapixels whole-slide image (WSI) is severely restrained from either the constrained computing resources for the whole slides, or limited utilizing of the knowledge from different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Ming Feng , Kele Xu , Nanhui Wu , Weiquan Huang , Yan Bai , Changjian Wang , Huaimin Wang

Computational pathology and whole-slide image (WSI) analysis are pivotal in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the ultra-high resolution of WSIs presents significant modeling challenges. Recent advancements in pathology foundation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Honglin Li , Zhongyi Shui , Yunlong Zhang , Chenglu Zhu , Lin Yang

With the development of digital imaging in medical microscopy, artificial intelligent-based analysis of pathological whole slide images (WSIs) provides a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis. Limited by the expensive cost of pixel-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jiawen Li , Qiehe Sun , Renao Yan , Yizhi Wang , Yuqiu Fu , Yani Wei , Tian Guan , Huijuan Shi , Yonghonghe He , Anjia Han

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has demonstrated promise in Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, a major challenge persists due to the high computational cost associated with processing these gigapixel images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Hongyi Wang , Luyang Luo , Fang Wang , Ruofeng Tong , Yen-Wei Chen , Hongjie Hu , Lanfen Lin , Hao Chen

Cancer survival prediction is a challenging task that involves analyzing of the tumor microenvironment within Whole Slide Image (WSI). Previous methods cannot effectively capture the intricate interaction features among instances within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zekang Yang , Hong Liu , Xiangdong Wang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the dominant framework for whole-slide image analysis in computational pathology, typically combining a frozen patch encoder, a projection layer, and a slide-level aggregator. While encoders and…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Yucheng Xing , Pei Liu , Jingying Ma , Ruping Hong , Jiangdong Qiu , Tianyu Liu , Kai He , Ling Huang , Mengling Feng

The survival analysis on histological whole-slide images (WSIs) is one of the most important means to estimate patient prognosis. Although many weakly-supervised deep learning models have been developed for gigapixel WSIs, their potential…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-06 Pei Liu , Luping Ji , Feng Ye , Bo Fu

Whole slide images (WSIs) are high-resolution, gigapixel sized images that pose significant computational challenges for traditional machine learning models due to their size and heterogeneity.In this paper, we present a scalable and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Ravi Kant Gupta , Shounak Das , Ardhendu Sekhar , Amit Sethi
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