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Dynamical systems, that are used to model power grids, the brain, and other physical systems, can exhibit coexisting stable states known as attractors. A powerful tool to understand such systems, as well as to better predict when they may…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-07-31 George Datseris , Kalel Luiz Rossi , Alexandre Wagemakers

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Hybrid AC/DC transmission grids incorporate Modular Multilevel Converters functioning as Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs). The control role assigned to each converter significantly influences grid dynamics. Traditionally, these…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-10 Francesca Rossi , Sergi Costa Dilme , Josep Arevalo-Soler , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

The frequency droop response of conventional turbine driven synchronous generators with respect to load increases is normally used in order to have stable operating characteristics for multiple generators operating in parallel over large…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-09-11 Kirsch N. Mackey , Roy A. McCann

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

In this work, we study fast time scale dynamic interactions between inverters, synchronous machines, and transmission lines. The overlapping time scales between inverter controls and electromagnetic phenomena idfentified in recent years has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-07 Gabriel E. Colon-Reyes , Ruth Kravis , Sunash Sharma , Duncan Callaway

If a disturbance rocks a low-inertia power system, the frequency decline may be too rapid to arrest before it triggers undesirable responses from generators and loads. In the worst case, this instability could lead to blackout and major…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-08 Adam B. Birchfield

This paper considers the robustness of event-triggered control of general linear systems against additive or multiplicative frequency-domain uncertainties. It is revealed that in static or dynamic event triggering mechanisms, the sampling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Shiqi Zhang , Zhongkui Li

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

The increasing penetration of renewable energy leads to a continuous reduction in system inertia, for which conventional synchronization criteria based solely on frequency consistency can no longer accurately capture the coupled dynamics of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-24 Yusen Wei , Lan Tang , Peidong Li

This work investigates interoperability and performance specifications for converter interfaced generation (CIG) that can be verified using only input-output data. First, we develop decentralized conditions on frequency stability that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-25 Jennifer T. Bui , Dominic Groß

A microgrid is a new concept that has changed the power systems dramatically. It is a combination of Distributed Generation Resources (DGR) like Biomass, PV systems, Wind energy, Fuel cell, Diesel Generator, and so on with different types…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-01 Khodakhast Nasirian , Hadi Taheri

The ever increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Resources (RESs) in power distribution networks has brought, among others, the challenge of maintaining the grid voltages within the secure region. Employing droop voltage regulators on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-18 H. Sekhavatmanesh , G. Ferrari-Trecate , S. Mastellone

This paper studies the problem of frequency regulation in power grids under unknown and possible time-varying load changes, while minimizing the generation costs. We formulate this problem as an output agreement problem for distribution…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Sebastian Trip , Mathias Bürger , Claudio De Persis

Grid-ForMing Inverters (GFMIs) are expected to provide voltage stiffness to the grid. Explicitly, system operators (SOs) and regulators expect GFMIs to behave like a "voltage source behind impedance (VSBI)" in the (sub)-transient time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Ambuj Gupta , Muhammad Sharjeel Javaid , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

Diesel electric generators are an inherent part of remote hybrid microgrids found in remote regions of the world that provide primary frequency response (PFR) to restore system frequency during load or generation changes. However, with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-10 Chinmay Shah , Mariko Shirazi , Richard Wies , Phylicia Cicilio , Timothy Hansen , Reinaldo Tonkoski

DC microgrids have promising applications in renewable integration due to their better energy efficiency when connecting DC components. However, they might be unstable since many loads in a DC microgrid are regulated as constant power loads…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-23 Jianzhe Liu , Yichen Zhang , Antonio J. Conejo , Feng Qiu

This article proposes a data-driven framework to verify the distributed conditions that guarantee the system-wide stability for interconnected power systems. To guarantee system wide stability, the dynamics of each bus are required to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-20 Xiaohui Zhang , Liaoyuan Yang , Peng Yang