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This paper proposes decentralized stability conditions for multi-converter systems based on the combination of the small gain theorem and the small phase theorem. Instead of directly computing the closed-loop dynamics, e.g., eigenvalues of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-11 Linbin Huang , Dan Wang , Xiongfei Wang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju , Karl H. Johansson , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents the novel Droop-e grid-forming inverter control strategy, which establishes an active power-frequency relationship based on an exponential function of the inverter power dispatch. The advantages of this control strategy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-11 Rick Wallace Kenyon , Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

With the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids, system-level coordinated optimization of IBR controllers has become increasingly important for maintaining overall system stability. Unlike most existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-06 Haowen Xu , Xin Chen

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) is fundamentally reshaping power system dynamics and creating new challenges for stability assessment. Data-driven approaches, and in particular machine learning models, require…

We prove that the popular grid-forming control, i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also termed complex droop control, exhibits output-feedback passivity in its large-signal model, featuring an explicit and physically…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Xiuqiang He , Florian Dörfler

With the increasing penetration of converter-interfaced distributed generation systems, it would be advantageous to specify local compliance criteria for these devices to ensure the small-signal stability of the interconnected system.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-21 Kaustav Dey , Anil Kulkarni

AI data center loads create query-driven power transients on millisecond timescales. Such loads can violate the timescale separation assumptions underlying internal inverter control of grid-following resources collocated with data centers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Miroslav Kosanic , Marija Ilic

With the development of renewable energy sources, power systems are gradually evolving into a system comprising both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters. However, the dynamic interaction between the two types of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Hangyu Chen , Linbin Huang

The high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) reduces system inertia, leading to frequency stability concerns, especially during synchronous generator (SG) outages. To maintain frequency dynamics within secure limits while…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Fan Jiang , Xingpeng Li

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Due to the energy crisis and environmental pollution, the installed capacity of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power grids is rapidly increasing, and grid-following control (GFL) is the most prevalent at present. Meanwhile, grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Yinhong Lin , Bin Wang , Qinglai Guo , Haotian Zhao , Hongbin Sun

We present a method to design distributed generation and demand control schemes for primary frequency regulation in power networks that guarantee asymptotic stability and ensure fairness of allocation. We impose a passivity condition on net…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Andreas Kasis , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas

This paper presents an improved droop control method to ensure effective power sharing, voltage regulation, and frequency stabilization of inverter-based resources (IBRs) connected in parallel in an islanded AC microgrid. In the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Ayobami Olajube , Koto Omiloli , Satish Vedula , Olugbenga Anubi

Dynamic stability is imperative for the operation of the electric power system. This article provides analytical results and effective stability criteria focusing on the interplay of network structures and the local dynamics of synchronous…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2024-06-19 Philipp C. Böttcher , Dirk Witthaut , Leonardo Rydin Gorjão

The integration of inverter-interfaced generators introduces new instability phenomena into modern power systems. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of two widely used droop-based grid-forming controls, namely droop control and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-28 Meng Chen , Yufei Xi , Lin Cheng , Xiongfei Wang , Ioannis Lestas

This paper presents a critical review of methods commonly employed in the literature for small signal stability analysis of inverter based resources (IBRs). It discusses the intended purposes of these methods and outlines both their proper…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-24 Anton A. Stoorvogel , Saeed Lotfifard , Ali Saberi

The dynamic response of power grids to small events or persistent stochastic disturbances influences their stable operation. Low-frequency inter-area oscillations are of particular concern due to insufficient damping. This paper studies the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-20 Manish K. Singh , Vassilis Kekatos

The growing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into modern power systems poses significant challenges for maintaining reliable operation under dynamic and constrained conditions. This paper focuses on the power tracking problem…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-17 Zixiao Ma , Baosen Zhang

Security and stability challenges in future power systems with high penetration Inverter-Based Resources (IBR) have been anticipated as one of the main barriers to decarbonization. Grid-following IBRs may become unstable under small…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-11 Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

DC microgrids are getting more and more applications due to simple converters, only voltage control and higher efficiencies compared to conventional AC grids. Droop control is a well know decentralized control strategy for power sharing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-18 Muhammad Anees , Lisa Qi , Mario Schweizer , Srdjan Lukic