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Pairwise human preference prediction is central to evaluating code-generation systems, where quality often depends on task-specific trade-offs beyond functional correctness. While rubric-based LLM judges improve interpretability by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhenyu Li , Aleksandar Cvejic , Zehui Chen , Peter Wonka

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has proven its effectiveness in alleviating hallucinations for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing automated evaluation metrics cannot fairly evaluate the outputs generated by RAG models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuliang Liu , Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Cheng Yang , Zheni Zeng , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Ge Yu

Aligning language models with human preferences presents significant challenges, particularly in achieving personalization without incurring excessive computational costs. Existing methods rely on reward signals and additional annotated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xiaotian Zhang , Ruizhe Chen , Yang Feng , Zuozhu Liu

Relevance judgment of human assessors is inherently subjective and dynamic when evaluation datasets are created for Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, a small group of experts' relevance judgment results are usually taken as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Dengya Zhu , Shastri L Nimmagadda , Kok Wai Wong , Torsten Reiners

The paradigm of LLM-as-a-judge relies on a critical assumption, namely that high inter-evaluator agreement indicates reliable and objective evaluation. We present two complementary findings that challenge this assumption. \textbf{First}, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng , Chenning Xu

We study transfer learning for contextual joint assortment-pricing under a multinomial logit choice model with bandit feedback. A seller operates across multiple related markets and observes only posted prices and realized purchases. While…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Elynn Chen , Xi Chen , Yi Zhang

Assessment is a crucial part of education. Traditional marking is a source of inconsistencies and unconscious bias, placing a high cognitive load on the assessors. An approach to address these issues is comparative judgement (CJ). In CJ,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Andy Gray , Alma Rahat , Tom Crick , Stephen Lindsay

Accurate and consistent evaluation is crucial for decision-making across numerous fields, yet it remains a challenging task due to inherent subjectivity, variability, and scale. Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success…

Review rating prediction of text reviews is a rapidly growing technology with a wide range of applications in natural language processing. However, most existing methods either use hand-crafted features or learn features using deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Zhongfen Deng , Hao Peng , Congying Xia , Jianxin Li , Lifang He , Philip S. Yu

Comparative Judgement (CJ) provides an alternative assessment approach by evaluating work holistically rather than breaking it into discrete criteria. This method leverages human ability to make nuanced comparisons, yielding more reliable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Andy Gray , Alma Rahat , Tom Crick , Stephen Lindsay

Large language model (LLM)-based judges are widely adopted for automated evaluation and reward modeling, yet their judgments are often affected by judgment biases. Accurately evaluating these biases is essential for ensuring the reliability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Hongli Zhou , Hui Huang , Rui Zhang , Kehai Chen , Bing Xu , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao , Muyun Yang

Most large-scale recommender systems follow a multi-stage cascade of retrieval, pre-ranking, ranking, and re-ranking. A key challenge at the pre-ranking stage arises from the heterogeneity of training instances sampled from coarse-grained…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Pengfei Tong , Siyuan Chen , Chenwei Zhang , Bo Wang , Qi Pi , Pixun Li , Zuotao Liu

Many researchers have reached the conclusion that AI models should be trained to be aware of the possibility of variation and disagreement in human judgments, and evaluated as per their ability to recognize such variation. The LEWIDI series…

Despite the promise of Retrieval-Augmented Generation in grounding Multimodal Large Language Models with external knowledge, the transition to extensive contexts often leads to significant attention dilution and reasoning hallucinations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junming Liu , Yuqi Li , Shiping Wen , Zhigang Zeng , Tingwen Huang

LLM-as-a-Judge has emerged as a promising alternative to human evaluators across various tasks, yet inherent biases - particularly position bias, the tendency to favor solutions based on their position within the prompt - compromise its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Lin Shi , Chiyu Ma , Wenhua Liang , Xingjian Diao , Weicheng Ma , Soroush Vosoughi

Multileaved comparison methods generalize interleaved comparison methods to provide a scalable approach for comparing ranking systems based on regular user interactions. Such methods enable the increasingly rapid research and development of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Ranking methods or models based on their performance is of prime importance but is tricky because performance is fundamentally multidimensional. In the case of classification, precision and recall are scores with probabilistic…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sébastien Piérard , Adrien Deliège , Marc Van Droogenbroeck

LLM-as-a-Judge evaluation has become a standard tool for assessing base model performance. However, characterizing performance via the naive estimator, i.e., raw judge outputs, is systematically biased. Recent work has proposed estimators…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 James Fiedler

Instruction-following is a foundational capability of large language models (LLMs), with its improvement hinging on scalable and accurate feedback from judge models. However, the reliability of current judge models in instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bosi Wen , Yilin Niu , Cunxiang Wang , Xiaoying Ling , Ying Zhang , Pei Ke , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained significant attention recently, showing remarkable potential in artificial general intelligence. However, assessing the utility of MLLMs presents considerable challenges, primarily due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Dongping Chen , Ruoxi Chen , Shilin Zhang , Yinuo Liu , Yaochen Wang , Huichi Zhou , Qihui Zhang , Yao Wan , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun