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Classical Hopfield networks are limited to static patterns due to symmetric weights, whereas asymmetric networks can encode temporal sequences via limit-cycle attractors. Achieving high-capacity storage of long sequences in classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Aakash Kumar , Anatoly Khina , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Emanuele Natale

The impressive performance gains of modern language models currently rely on scaling parameters: larger models store more world knowledge and reason better. Yet compressing all world knowledge into parameters is unnecessary, as only a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hadi Pouransari , David Grangier , C Thomas , Michael Kirchhof , Oncel Tuzel

Modern language models reason within bounded context, an inherent constraint that poses a fundamental barrier to long-horizon reasoning. We identify recursion as a core principle for overcoming this barrier, and propose recursive models as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chenxiao Yang , Nathan Srebro , Zhiyuan Li

We propose a self-organizing memory architecture for perceptual experience, capable of supporting autonomous learning and goal-directed problem solving in the absence of any prior information about the agent's environment. The architecture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Dan P. Guralnik , Daniel E. Koditschek

As large language models increasingly gain popularity in real-world applications, processing extremely long contexts, often exceeding the model's pre-trained context limits, has emerged as a critical challenge. While existing approaches to…

Long sequence neural memory remains a challenging problem. RNNs and their variants suffer from vanishing gradients, and Transformers suffer from quadratic scaling. Furthermore, compressing long sequences into a finite fixed representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Liyu Zerihun , Alexandr Plashchinsky

The dominant way of judging Large Language Models (LLMs) has been to ask how well they can recall explicit facts from very long inputs. While today's best models achieve near perfect recall, this masks a harder skill: performing multi-step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Alex Pan , Mary-Anne Williams

Understanding why Transformers perform so well remains challenging due to their non-convex optimization landscape. In this work, we analyze a shallow Transformer with $m$ independent heads trained by projected gradient descent in the kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Enes Arda , Semih Cayci , Atilla Eryilmaz

Time series classification problems exist in many fields and have been explored for a couple of decades. However, they still remain challenging, and their solutions need to be further improved for real-world applications in terms of both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Zhenyu Liu , Jian Cheng

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into persistent scientific collaborators, context window saturation has emerged as a critical bottleneck. Scientific workflows involving iterative data analysis and hypothesis refinement rapidly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nikola Milosevic

In lifelong learning systems based on artificial neural networks, one of the biggest obstacles is the inability to retain old knowledge as new information is encountered. This phenomenon is known as catastrophic forgetting. In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali , Daniel Kifer , C. Lee Giles

The evolution of sequence modeling architectures, from recurrent neural networks and convolutional models to Transformers and structured state-space models, reflects ongoing efforts to address the diverse temporal dependencies inherent in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Haotian Jiang , Zeyu Bao , Shida Wang , Qianxiao Li

Reading comprehension is a challenging task, especially when executed across longer or across multiple evidence documents, where the answer is likely to reoccur. Existing neural architectures typically do not scale to the entire evidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-01 Swabha Swayamdipta , Ankur P. Parikh , Tom Kwiatkowski

A recent trend in LLMs is developing recurrent sub-quadratic models that improve long-context processing efficiency. We investigate leading large long-context models, focusing on how their fixed-size recurrent memory affects their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Assaf Ben-Kish , Itamar Zimerman , M. Jehanzeb Mirza , Lior Wolf , James Glass , Leonid Karlinsky , Raja Giryes

Two potential bottlenecks on the expressiveness of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are their ability to store information about the task in their parameters, and to store information about the input history in their units. We show…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-06 Jasmine Collins , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , David Sussillo

Reproducibility must validate architectural robustness, not just numerical accuracy. We evaluate ColBERT-v2 and ConstBERT across five dimensions, finding that while ConstBERT reproduces within 0.05% MRR@10 on MS-MARCO, both models show a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Utshab Kumar Ghosh , Ashish David , Shubham Chatterjee

Large language models have achieved remarkable capabilities, but their practical deployment is hindered by significant computational costs. While adaptive computation methods like early-exiting promise to reduce these costs, they introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Sangmin Bae

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess a theoretical capability to model information density far beyond the limits of classical statistical methods (e.g., Lempel-Ziv). However, utilizing this capability for lossless compression involves…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Marcus Armstrong , ZiWei Qiu , Huy Q. Vo , Arjun Mukherjee

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate in settings where a single context window is far too small to capture what has happened, what was learned, and what should not be repeated. Memory -- the ability to persist, organize,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Pengfei Du

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) face three major challenges: context length limitations, high inference costs, and catastrophic forgetting during continual learning. While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures mitigate some of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhongpan Tang