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In many sequential tasks, a model needs to remember relevant events from the distant past to make correct predictions. Unfortunately, a straightforward application of gradient based training requires intermediate computations to be stored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Artyom Sorokin , Nazar Buzun , Leonid Pugachev , Mikhail Burtsev

Effectively processing long contexts is a critical challenge for language models. While standard Transformers are limited by quadratic complexity and poor length extrapolation, alternative architectures like sliding window attention and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiaqi Leng , Xiang Hu , Junxiong Wang , Jianguo Li , Wei Wu , Yucheng Lu

Information retrieval in Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly recognized as intertwined with generation capabilities rather than mere lookup. While longer contexts are often assumed to improve retrieval, the effects of intra-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Chupei Wang , Jiaqiu Vince Sun

Despite their omnipresence in modern NLP, characterizing the computational power of transformer neural nets remains an interesting open question. We prove that transformers whose arithmetic precision is logarithmic in the number of input…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-28 William Merrill , Ashish Sabharwal

As machine learning models continue to grow in size and complexity, efficient serving faces increasingly broad trade-offs spanning accuracy, latency, resource usage, and other objectives. Multi-model serving further complicates these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuanyuan Yang , Ruimin Zhang , Jamie Morgenstern , Haifeng Xu

Effectively learning from sequential data is a longstanding goal of Artificial Intelligence, especially in the case of long sequences. From the dawn of Machine Learning, several researchers have pursued algorithms and architectures capable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Matteo Tiezzi , Michele Casoni , Alessandro Betti , Marco Gori , Stefano Melacci

Sequence models face a fundamental tradeoff between memory capacity and computational efficiency. Transformers achieve expressive context modeling at quadratic cost, while linear attention and state-space models run in linear time by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yaxita Amin , Helen Zichen Li , Mengfan Zhang , Samet Ayhan

This paper addresses the limitations of large language models in understanding long-term context. It proposes a model architecture equipped with a long-term memory mechanism to improve the retention and retrieval of semantic information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yue Xing , Tao Yang , Yijiashun Qi , Minggu Wei , Yu Cheng , Honghui Xin

This paper introduces a structured memory which can be easily integrated into a neural network. The memory is very large by design and significantly increases the capacity of the architecture, by up to a billion parameters with a negligible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Guillaume Lample , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Ludovic Denoyer , Hervé Jégou

This work explores the challenge of building ``Machines that Can Remember'', framing long-term memory as the problem of efficient ultra-long context modeling. We argue that this requires three key properties: \textbf{sparsity},…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xiang Hu , Zhanchao Zhou , Ruiqi Liang , Zehuan Li , Wei Wu , Jianguo Li

Every major AI memory system in production today organises information by meaning. That organisation enables generalisation, analogy, and conceptual retrieval -- but it comes at a price. We prove that the same geometric structure enabling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Sambartha Ray Barman , Andrey Starenky , Sofia Bodnar , Nikhil Narasimhan , Ashwin Gopinath

Large-scale artificial intelligence models are transforming industries and redefining human machine collaboration. However, continued scaling exposes critical limitations in hardware, including constraints on computation, bandwidth, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuankai Fan , Qizhen Weng , Xuelong Li

Traditional studies of memory for meaningful narratives focus on specific stories and their semantic structures but do not address common quantitative features of recall across different narratives. We introduce a statistical ensemble of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-02-25 Weishun Zhong , Tankut Can , Antonis Georgiou , Ilya Shnayderman , Mikhail Katkov , Misha Tsodyks

Recent research demonstrated that training large language models involves memorization of a significant fraction of training data. Such memorization can lead to privacy violations when training on sensitive user data and thus motivates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Vitaly Feldman , Guy Kornowski , Xin Lyu

Hybrid search, the integration of lexical and semantic retrieval, has become a cornerstone of modern information retrieval systems, driven by demanding applications like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). The architectural design space…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Mengzhao Wang , Boyu Tan , Yunjun Gao , Hai Jin , Yingfeng Zhang , Xiangyu Ke , Xiaoliang Xu , Yifan Zhu

We study the problem of efficient generative inference for Transformer models, in one of its most challenging settings: large deep models, with tight latency targets and long sequence lengths. Better understanding of the engineering…

Transformers encode structure in sequences via an expanding contextual history. However, their purely feedforward architecture fundamentally limits dynamic state tracking. State tracking -- the iterative updating of latent variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Michael C. Mozer , Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui , Rosanne Liu

Most recent state of the art architectures rely on combinations and variations of three approaches: convolutional, recurrent and self-attentive methods. Our work attempts in laying the basis for a new research direction for sequence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Jia Cheng Hu , Roberto Cavicchioli , Alessandro Capotondi

We introduce provenance networks, a novel class of neural models designed to provide end-to-end, training-data-driven explainability. Unlike conventional post-hoc methods, provenance networks learn to link each prediction directly to its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ali Kayyam , Anusha Madan Gopal , M. Anthony Lewis

Sequence classification is essential in NLP for understanding and categorizing language patterns in tasks like sentiment analysis, intent detection, and topic classification. Transformer-based models, despite achieving state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongbo Liu , Jia Xu