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With the rising human-like precision of Large Language Models (LLMs) in numerous tasks, their utilization in a variety of real-world applications is becoming more prevalent. Several studies have shown that LLMs excel on many standard NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Rishav Hada , Varun Gumma , Mohamed Ahmed , Kalika Bali , Sunayana Sitaram

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for educational tasks such as grading, yet their alignment with human evaluation in real classrooms remains underexamined. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Grace Byun , Swati Rajwal , Jinho D. Choi

A surge in academic publications calls for automated deep research (DR) systems, but accurately evaluating them is still an open problem. First, existing benchmarks often focus narrowly on retrieval while neglecting high-level planning and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Zhihan Guo , Feiyang Xu , Yifan Li , Muzhi Li , Shuai Zou , Jiele Wu , Han Shi , Haoli Bai , Ho-fung Leung , Irwin King

Although several methods were proposed to address the problem of automated essay scoring (AES) in the last 50 years, there is still much to desire in terms of effectiveness. Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformer-based models that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Watheq Mansour , Salam Albatarni , Sohaila Eltanbouly , Tamer Elsayed

This study explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, to enhance objectivity in organizational task performance evaluations. Through comparative analyses across two studies, including various task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Ning Li , Huaikang Zhou , Mingze Xu

Evaluating machine-generated text remains a significant challenge in NLP, especially for non-English languages. Current methodologies, including automated metrics, human assessments, and LLM-based evaluations, predominantly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Dilip Venkatesh , Raj Dabre , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Mitesh M. Khapra

Automated short-answer grading (ASAG) remains a challenging task due to the linguistic variability of student responses and the need for nuanced, rubric-aligned partial credit. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haotian Deng , Chris Farber , Jiyoon Lee , David Tang

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly large language models (LLMs), has brought significant advancements to the field of education. Among various applications, automatic short answer grading (ASAG), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Jiliang Tang

Large language model (LLM) evaluation platforms increasingly rely on pairwise human judgments. These data are noisy, sparse, and non-uniform, yet leaderboards are reported with limited uncertainty quantification. We study this as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Jiachun Li , David Simchi-Levi , Will Wei Sun

Despite the strong reasoning ability of large language models~(LLMs), they are prone to errors and hallucinations. As a result, how to check their outputs effectively and efficiently has become a critical problem in their applications.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiayu Liu , Wei Dai , Zhenya Huang , Ning Miao , Enhong Chen

Recent research has increasingly focused on evaluating large language models' (LLMs) alignment with diverse human values and preferences, particularly for open-ended tasks like story generation. Traditional evaluation metrics rely heavily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Danqing Wang , Kevin Yang , Hanlin Zhu , Xiaomeng Yang , Andrew Cohen , Lei Li , Yuandong Tian

This study investigates the reliability and validity of five advanced Large Language Models (LLMs), Claude 3.5, DeepSeek v2, Gemini 2.5, GPT-4, and Mistral 24B, for automated essay scoring in a real world higher education context. A total…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Andrea Gaggioli , Giuseppe Casaburi , Leonardo Ercolani , Francesco Collova' , Pietro Torre , Fabrizio Davide

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has advanced significantly in recent years. The complexity of RAG systems, which involve multiple components-such as indexing, retrieval, and generation-along with numerous other parameters, poses…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Lorenz Brehme , Thomas Ströhle , Ruth Breu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in settings where reliable self-assessment is critical. Assessing model reliability has evolved from using probabilistic correctness estimates to, more recently, eliciting verbalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Sree Bhattacharyya , Samarth Khanna , Leona Chen , Lucas Craig , Tharun Dilliraj , James Z. Wang

Relevance judgments are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems, but traditional human-annotated labels are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, many researchers turn to automatic alternatives to accelerate method…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

Automated systems have been widely adopted across the educational testing industry for open-response assessment and essay scoring. These systems commonly achieve performance levels comparable to or superior than trained human raters, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Cole Walsh , Rodica Ivan

AIVisor, an agentic retrieval-augmented LLM for student advising, was used to examine how personalization affects system performance across multiple evaluation dimensions. Using twelve authentic advising questions intentionally designed to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Satyajit Movidi , Stephen Russell

Course evaluation plays a critical role in ensuring instructional quality and guiding curriculum development in higher education. However, traditional evaluation methods, such as student surveys, classroom observations, and expert reviews,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Bo Yuan , Jiazi Hu

With generative artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), continuing to make inroads in healthcare, it is critical to supplement traditional automated evaluations with human evaluations. Understanding and…

Peer review is essential for maintaining academic quality, but the increasing volume of submissions places a significant burden on reviewers. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential assistance in this process, yet their susceptibility…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Tzu-Ling Lin , Wei-Chih Chen , Teng-Fang Hsiao , Hou-I Liu , Ya-Hsin Yeh , Yu Kai Chan , Wen-Sheng Lien , Po-Yen Kuo , Philip S. Yu , Hong-Han Shuai