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Machine learning continues to grow in popularity in academia, in industry, and is increasingly used in other fields. However, most of the common metrics used to evaluate even simple binary classification models have shortcomings that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 David H. Brown , Davide Chicco

Symbolic model checking by using BDDs has greatly improved the applicability of model checking. Nevertheless, BDD based symbolic model checking can still be very memory and time consuming. One main reason is the complex transition relation…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-06-08 Christian Appold

Accurate mathematical reasoning with Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial in revolutionizing domains that heavily rely on such reasoning. However, LLMs often encounter difficulties in certain aspects of mathematical reasoning, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Kuofeng Gao , Huanqia Cai , Qingyao Shuai , Dihong Gong , Zhifeng Li

Formal verification via interactive theorem proving is increasingly used to ensure the correctness of critical systems, yet constructing large proof scripts remains highly manual and limits scalability. Advances in large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Baoding He , Zenan Li , Wei Sun , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Xiaoxing Ma , Zhendong Su

It is crucial for accurate model checking that the model be a complete and faithful representation of the system. Unfortunately, this is not always possible, mainly because of two reasons: (i) the model is still under development and (ii)…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Shiraj Arora , M. V. Panduranga Rao

This paper introduces an innovative approach that combines Large Language Models (LLMs) with Formal Verification strategies for automatic software vulnerability repair. Initially, we employ Bounded Model Checking (BMC) to identify…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Norbert Tihanyi , Ridhi Jain , Yiannis Charalambous , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Youcheng Sun , Lucas C. Cordeiro

In the last three decades, memory safety issues in system programming languages such as C or C++ have been one of the significant sources of security vulnerabilities. However, there exist only a few attempts with limited success to cope…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Felipe R. Monteiro , Mikhail R. Gadelha , Lucas C. Cordeiro

The development of embedded systems requires formal analysis of models such as those described with MATLAB/Simulink. However, the increasing complexity of industrial models makes analysis difficult. This paper proposes a model checking…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Daisuke Ishii , Takashi Tomita , Toshiaki Aoki , The Quyen Ngo , Thi Bich Ngoc Do , Hideaki Takai

Formal verification is at the heart of model validation and correctness. With model checking, invaluable realizations have been accomplished in software engineering and particularly in software development. By means of this approach,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Patrick Mukala

This paper introduces a tool for verifying Python programs, which, using type annotation and front-end processing, can harness the capabilities of a bounded model-checking (BMC) pipeline. It transforms an input program into an abstract…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Bruno Farias , Rafael Menezes , Eddie B. de Lima Filho , Youcheng Sun , Lucas C. Cordeiro

We study verification over a general model of artifact-centric systems, to assess (parameterized) safety properties irrespectively of the initial database instance. We view such artifact systems as array-based systems, which allows us to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Diego Calvanese , Silvio Ghilardi , Alessandro Gianola , Marco Montali , Andrey Rivkin

We introduce a technology to formally verify that a software system satisfies a temporal specification of functional correctness, without revealing the system itself. Our method combines a deductive approach to model checking to obtain a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Pascal Berrang , Mirco Giacobbe , Jacob Swales , Xiao Yang

Exhaustive formal verification for systems of systems (SoS) is impractical and cannot be applied on a large scale. In this paper we propose to use statistical model checking for efficient verification of SoS. We address three relevant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-15 Alessandro Mignogna , Leonardo Mangeruca , Benoît Boyer , Axel Legay , Alexandre Arnold

Bounded model checking (BMC) is an efficient formal verification technique which allows for desired properties of a software system to be checked on bounded runs of an abstract model of the system. The properties are frequently described in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ramchandra Phawade , Tephilla Prince , S. Sheerazuddin

Many embedded and real-time systems have a inherent probabilistic behaviour (sensors data, unreliable hardware,...). In that context, it is crucial to evaluate system properties such as "the probability that a particular hardware fails".…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-09-22 Van Chan Ngo , Axel Legay , Jean Quilbeuf

Symbolic model checkers can construct proofs of properties over very complex models. However, the results reported by the tool when a proof succeeds do not generally provide much insight to the user. It is often useful for users to have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-08-01 Elaheh Ghassabani , Andrew Gacek , Michael W. Whalen

The two major systems of formal verification are model checking and algebraic model-based testing. Model checking is based on some form of temporal logic such as linear temporal logic (LTL) or computation tree logic (CTL). One powerful and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Stefan D. Bruda , Sunita Singh , A. F. M. Nokib Uddin , Zhiyu Zhang , Rui Zuo

Stateflow models are complex software models, often used as part of safety-critical software solutions designed with Matlab Simulink. They incorporate design principles that are typically very hard to verify formally. In particular, the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Predrag Filipovikj , Dilian Gurov , Mattias Nyberg

Many simulation based Bounded Model Checking approaches to System Level Formal Verification (SLFV) have been devised. Typically such approaches exploit the capability of simulators to save computation time by saving and restoring the state…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-09-25 Toni Mancini , Federico Mari , Annalisa Massini , Igor Melatti , Enrico Tronci

The certification of autonomous systems is an important concern in science and industry. The KI-LOK project explores new methods for certifying and safely integrating AI components into autonomous trains. We pursued a two-layered approach:…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Jan Gruteser , Jan Roßbach , Fabian Vu , Michael Leuschel