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Computational protein design is experiencing a transformation driven by AI/ML. However, the range of potential protein sequences and structures is astronomically vast, even for moderately sized proteins. Hence, achieving convergence between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Aymen Alsaadi , Jonathan Ash , Mikhail Titov , Matteo Turilli , Andre Merzky , Shantenu Jha , Sagar Khare

Protein language models learn powerful representations directly from sequences of amino acids. However, they are constrained to generate proteins with only the set of amino acids represented in their vocabulary. In contrast, chemical…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-21 Daniel Flam-Shepherd , Kevin Zhu , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

A representation of the genetic code as a six-dimensional Boolean hypercube is proposed. It is assumed here that this structure is the result of the hierarchical order of the interaction energies of the bases in codon-anticodon recognition.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 Miguel A. Jimenez-Montano , Carlos R. de la Mora-Basanez , Thorsten Poeschel

In silico de novo design can drastically cut the costs and time of drug development. In particular, a key advantage of bottom-up physics-based approaches is their independence from training datasets, unlike generative models. However, they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Lars Meuser , Alexandros Patsilinakos , Pietro Faccioli

Predicting the effect of mutations in proteins is one of the most critical challenges in protein engineering; by knowing the effect a substitution of one (or several) residues in the protein's sequence has on its overall properties, could…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2020-10-08 David Medina-Ortiz , Sebastian Contreras , Juan Amado-Hinojosa , Jorge Torres-Almonacid , Juan A. Asenjo , Marcelo Navarrete , Álvaro Olivera-Nappa

The remarkable success of AlphaFold2 in providing accurate atomic-level prediction of protein structures from their amino acid sequence has transformed approaches to the protein folding problem. However, its core paradigm of mapping one…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-12 Yongkai Chen , Samuel WK Wong , SC Kou

The standard genetic code is known to be much more efficient in minimizing adverse effects of misreading errors and one-point mutations in comparison with a random code having the same structure, i.e. the same number of codons coding for…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2012-10-17 V. R. Chechetkin , V. V. Lobzin

Nature creates diverse proteins through a 'divide and assembly' strategy. Inspired by this idea, we introduce ProteinWeaver, a two-stage framework for protein backbone design. Our method first generates individual protein domains and then…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-28 Yiming Ma , Fei Ye , Yi Zhou , Zaixiang Zheng , Dongyu Xue , Quanquan Gu

Accurate identification of protein nucleic-acid-binding residues poses a significant challenge with important implications for various biological processes and drug design. Many typical computational methods for protein analysis rely on a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-21 Linglin Jing , Sheng Xu , Yifan Wang , Yuzhe Zhou , Tao Shen , Zhigang Ji , Hui Fang , Zhen Li , Siqi Sun

How proteins fold remains a central unsolved problem in biology. While the idea of a folding code embedded in the amino acid sequence was introduced more than 6 decades ago, this code remains undefined. While we now have powerful predictive…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-04 Carlos Bustamante , Christian Kaiser , Erik Lindahl , Robert Sosa , Giovanni Volpe

In a similar way in which the folding of single--domain proteins provide an important test in the study of self--organization, the folding of homodimers constitute a basic challenge in the quest for the mechanisms which are at the basis of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Tiana , R. A. Broglia

Proteins, essential to biological systems, perform functions intricately linked to their three-dimensional structures. Understanding the relationship between protein structures and their amino acid sequences remains a core challenge in…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-04 Liang He , Peiran Jin , Yaosen Min , Shufang Xie , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin , Xiaozhuan Liang , Kaiyuan Gao , Yuliang Jiang , Tie-Yan Liu

Cyclic peptides offer inherent advantages in pharmaceuticals. For example, cyclic peptides are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis compared to linear peptides and usually exhibit excellent stability and affinity. Although deep generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiangxin Zhou , Mingyu Li , Yi Xiao , Jiahan Li , Dongyu Xue , Zaixiang Zheng , Jianzhu Ma , Quanquan Gu

Protein design with desirable properties has been a significant challenge for many decades. Generative artificial intelligence is a promising approach and has achieved great success in various protein generation tasks. Notably, diffusion…

Background: A partially random target selection method was developed to design and produce affinity reagents (target) to any protein query. It is based on the recent concept of Proteomic Code (for review see Biro, 2007 [1]) which suggests…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2008-07-22 Jan C Biro

The design of target-specific molecules such as small molecules, peptides, and antibodies is vital for biological research and drug discovery. Existing generative methods are restricted to single-domain molecules, failing to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xiangzhe Kong , Zishen Zhang , Ziting Zhang , Rui Jiao , Jianzhu Ma , Wenbing Huang , Kai Liu , Yang Liu

Proteins are dynamic molecular machines whose biological functions, spanning enzymatic catalysis, signal transduction, and structural adaptation, are intrinsically linked to their motions. Designing proteins with targeted dynamic…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-17 Bo Ni , Markus J. Buehler

Proteins are macromolecules responsible for essential functions in almost all living organisms. Designing reasonable proteins with desired functions is crucial. A protein's sequence and structure are strongly correlated and they together…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Zhenqiao Song , Yunlong Zhao , Wenxian Shi , Yang Yang , Lei Li

The core challenge of de novo protein design lies in creating proteins with specific functions or properties, guided by certain conditions. Current models explore to generate protein using structural and evolutionary guidance, which only…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-13 Chaohao Yuan , Songyou Li , Geyan Ye , Yikun Zhang , Long-Kai Huang , Wenbing Huang , Wei Liu , Jianhua Yao , Yu Rong

Developing effective representations of protein structures is essential for advancing protein science, particularly for protein generative modeling. Current approaches often grapple with the complexities of the SE(3) manifold, rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shaoning Li , Le Zhuo , Yusong Wang , Mingyu Li , Xinheng He , Fandi Wu , Hongsheng Li , Pheng-Ann Heng