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Protein interaction modeling is central to protein design, which has been transformed by machine learning with applications in drug discovery and beyond. In this landscape, structure-based de novo binder design is cast as either conditional…

Protein design has become a critical method in advancing significant potential for various applications such as drug development and enzyme engineering. However, protein design methods utilizing large language models with solely pretraining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Xiao-Yu Guo , Yi-Fan Li , Yuan Liu , Xiaoyong Pan , Hong-Bin Shen

Biomolecular interactions underpin almost all biological processes, and their rational design is central to programming new biological functions. Generative AI models have emerged as powerful tools for molecular design, yet most remain…

Proteins are sequences of amino acids that serve as the basic building blocks of living organisms. Despite rapidly growing databases documenting structural and functional information for various protein sequences, our understanding of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-06 Weihang Dai

Peptide design plays a pivotal role in therapeutics, allowing brand new possibility to leverage target binding sites that are previously undruggable. Most existing methods are either inefficient or only concerned with the target-agnostic…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-31 Xiangzhe Kong , Yinjun Jia , Wenbing Huang , Yang Liu

Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

The interactions between DNA, RNA, and proteins are fundamental to biological processes, as illustrated by the central dogma of molecular biology. Although modern biological pre-trained models have achieved great success in analyzing these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zicheng Liu , Siyuan Li , Zhiyuan Chen , Chang Yu , Qirong Yang , Yucheng Guo , Yujie Yang , Xiaoming Zhang , Stan Z. Li

The linear sequence of amino acids determines protein structure and function. Protein design, known as the inverse of protein structure prediction, aims to obtain a novel protein sequence that will fold into the defined structure. Recent…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-22 Cheng Tan , Zhangyang Gao , Jun Xia , Bozhen Hu , Stan Z. Li

Diffusion models offer a powerful means of capturing the manifold of realistic protein structures, enabling rapid design for protein engineering tasks. However, existing approaches observe critical failure modes when precise constraints are…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-27 Jacob K. Christopher , Austin Seamann , Jingyi Cui , Sagar Khare , Ferdinando Fioretto

Co-crystallization is an accessible way to control physicochemical characteristics of organic crystals, which finds many biomedical applications. In this work, we present Generative Method for Co-crystal Design (GEMCODE), a novel pipeline…

We review the recent progress in computational approaches to protein design which builds on advances in statistical-mechanical protein folding theory. In particular, we evaluate the degeneracy of the protein code (i.e. how many sequences…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 E. I. Shakhnovich

The de novo design of proteins refers to creating proteins with specific structures and functions that do not naturally exist. In recent years, the accumulation of high-quality protein structure and sequence data and technological…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-24 Yujie Qin , Ming He , Changyong Yu , Ming Ni , Xian Liu , Xiaochen Bo

Protein folding and design are major biophysical problems, the solution of which would lead to important applications especially in medicine. Here a novel protein model capable of simultaneously provide quantitative protein design and…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Ivan Coluzza

AI-assisted protein design has emerged as a critical tool for advancing biotechnology, as deep generative models have demonstrated their reliability in this domain. However, most existing models primarily utilize protein sequence or…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Changjian Zhou , Yuexi Qiu , Jia Song

Peptide-based drugs can bind to protein interaction sites that small molecules often cannot, and are easier to produce than large protein drugs. However, designing effective peptide binders is difficult. A typical peptide has an enormous…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-19 Xiaoqiong Xia , Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez

The Encoder-Decoder architecture is a main stream deep learning model for biomedical image segmentation. The encoder fully compresses the input and generates encoded features, and the decoder then produces dense predictions using encoded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Peixian Liang , Jianxu Chen , Hao Zheng , Lin Yang , Yizhe Zhang , Danny Z. Chen

The recent breakthrough of AlphaFold3 in modeling complex biomolecular interactions, including those between proteins and ligands, nucleotides, or metal ions, creates new opportunities for protein design. In so-called inverse protein…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-22 Kai Yi , Kiarash Jamali , Sjors H. W. Scheres

AlphaFold3 introduces a diffusion-based architecture that elevates protein structure prediction to all-atom resolution with improved accuracy. This state-of-the-art performance has established AlphaFold3 as a foundation model for diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhe Zhang , Yuanning Feng , Yuxuan Song , Keyue Qiu , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

The in silico design of peptides and proteins as binders is useful for diagnosis and therapeutics due to their low adverse effects and major specificity. To select the most promising candidates, a key matter is to understand their…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-03 Rodrigo Ochoa , Miguel A. Soler , Alessandro Laio , Pilar Cossio

A general strategy is described for finding which amino acid sequences have native states in a desired conformation (inverse design). The approach is used to design sequences of 48 hydrophobic and polar aminoacids on three-dimensional…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-30 C. Micheletti , F. Seno , A. Maritan , J. R. Banavar