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Building general-purpose graphical user interface (GUI) agents has become increasingly promising with the progress in vision language models. However, developing effective mobile GUI agents with reinforcement learning (RL) remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yifan Xu , Xiao Liu , Xinghan Liu , Jiaqi Fu , Hanchen Zhang , Bohao Jing , Shudan Zhang , Yuting Wang , Wenyi Zhao , Yuxiao Dong

We propose GAM-Agent, a game-theoretic multi-agent framework for enhancing vision-language reasoning. Unlike prior single-agent or monolithic models, GAM-Agent formulates the reasoning process as a non-zero-sum game between base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jusheng Zhang , Yijia Fan , Wenjun Lin , Ruiqi Chen , Haoyi Jiang , Wenhao Chai , Jian Wang , Keze Wang

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are the primary medium for human-computer interaction, yet automating GUI interactions remains challenging due to the complexity of visual elements, dynamic environments, and the need for multi-step…

Pursuing human-like interaction for Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents requires understanding the GUI context and following user instructions. However, existing works typically couple these two aspects and focus more on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Huawen Shen , Chang Liu , Gengluo Li , Xinlong Wang , Yu Zhou , Can Ma , Xiangyang Ji

The development of artificial intelligence systems is transitioning from creating static, task-specific models to dynamic, agent-based systems capable of performing well in a wide range of applications. We propose an Interactive Agent…

In the field of MLLM-based GUI agents, compared to smartphones, the PC scenario not only features a more complex interactive environment, but also involves more intricate intra- and inter-app workflows. To address these issues, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Haowei Liu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Yuyang Wanyan , Junyang Wang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Chunfeng Yuan , Changsheng Xu , Weiming Hu , Fei Huang

Existing red-teaming studies on GUI agents have important limitations. Adversarial perturbations typically require white-box access, which is unavailable for commercial systems, while prompt injection is increasingly mitigated by stronger…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Wenkui Yang , Chao Jin , Haisu Zhu , Weilin Luo , Derek Yuen , Kun Shao , Huaibo Huang , Junxian Duan , Jie Cao , Ran He

Training intelligent agents to navigate highly interactive environments presents significant challenges. While guided meta reinforcement learning (RL) approach that first trains a guiding policy to train the ego agent has proven effective…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Mansur Arief , Mike Timmerman , Jiachen Li , David Isele , Mykel J Kochenderfer

The aim of multi-agent reinforcement learning systems is to provide interacting agents with the ability to collaboratively learn and adapt to the behavior of other agents. In many real-world applications, the agents can only acquire a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Mingyang Geng , Kele Xu , Yiying Li , Shuqi Liu , Bo Ding , Huaimin Wang

Large language model (LLM) agents typically adopt a step-by-step reasoning framework, in which they interleave the processes of thinking and acting to accomplish the given task. However, this paradigm faces a deep-rooted one-pass issue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Xingzuo Li , Kehai Chen , Yunfei Long , Xuefeng Bai , Yong Xu , Min Zhang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have powered Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents, showing promise in automating tasks on computing devices. Recent works have begun exploring reasoning in GUI tasks with encouraging results.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yuhang Liu , Pengxiang Li , Congkai Xie , Xavier Hu , Xiaotian Han , Shengyu Zhang , Hongxia Yang , Fei Wu

As AI agents transition from research prototypes to enterprise production systems, the tool interfaces they consume remain rooted in human-oriented CRUD paradigms. This paper identifies five fundamental architectural mismatches between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kai Pan

The development of high-quality datasets is crucial for benchmarking and advancing research in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents. Despite their importance, existing datasets are often constructed under idealized conditions, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jingqi Yang , Zhilong Song , Jiawei Chen , Mingli Song , Sheng Zhou , linjun sun , Xiaogang Ouyang , Chun Chen , Can Wang

The research focus of GUI agents is shifting from text-dependent to pure-vision-based approaches, which, though promising, prioritize comprehensive pre-training data collection while neglecting contextual modeling challenges. We probe the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Gongwei Chen , Xurui Zhou , Rui Shao , Yibo Lyu , Kaiwen Zhou , Shuai Wang , Wentao Li , Yinchuan Li , Zhongang Qi , Liqiang Nie

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are integral parts of software systems that require interactions from their users. Software testers have paid special attention to GUI testing in the last decade, and have devised techniques that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Valéria Lelli , Arnaud Blouin , Benoit Baudry

Large Language Model (LLM)-based mobile agents have made significant performance advancements. However, these agents often follow explicit user instructions while overlooking personalized needs, leading to significant limitations for real…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Shuoxin Wang , Chang Liu , Gowen Loo , Lifan Zheng , Kaiwen Wei , Xinyi Zeng , Jingyuan Zhang , Yu Tian

Large language models demonstrate remarkable reasoning capabilities but often produce unreliable or incorrect responses. Existing verification methods are typically model-specific or domain-restricted, requiring significant computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Automated bidding is central to modern digital advertising. Early rule-based methods lacked adaptability, while subsequent Reinforcement Learning approaches modeled bidding as a Markov Decision Process but struggled with long-term…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Mingming Zhang , Feiqing Zhuang , Na Li , Shengjie Sun , Xiaowei Chen , Junxiong Zhu , Fei Xiao , Keping Yang , Lixin Zou , Chenliang Li

With the rapid development of Large Vision Language Models, the focus of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent tasks shifts from single-screen tasks to complex screen navigation challenges. However, real-world GUI environments, such as PC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Xin Huang , Jia Wang , Kaijun Tan , Zhixuan Liang , Hongxin Li , Zheng Ge , Osamu Yoshie , Si Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

We introduce the Agent GPA (Goal-Plan-Action) framework, driven by the fundamental insight that critical agent failures emerge at the intersections of setting goals, devising plans, and executing actions. We operationalize the framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Allison Sihan Jia , Daniel Huang , Nikhil Vytla , Seung Won Wilson Yoo , Nirvika Choudhury , Shayak Sen , John C. Mitchell , Anupam Datta