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Underwater object detection (UOD) is crucial for marine economic development, environmental protection, and the planet's sustainable development. The main challenges of this task arise from low-contrast, small objects, and mimicry of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Linhui Dai , Hong Liu , Pinhao Song , Hao Tang , Runwei Ding , Shengquan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensure the safe deployment of deep learning models in critical applications. Deep learning models can often misidentify OOD samples as in-distribution (ID) samples. This vulnerability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sudarshan Regmi

Deep neural networks often struggle to recognize when an input lies outside their training experience, leading to unreliable and overconfident predictions. Building dependable machine learning systems therefore requires methods that can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pirzada Suhail , Rehna Afroz , Amit Sethi

Deep probabilistic generative models enable modeling the likelihoods of very high dimensional data. An important application of generative modeling should be the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by setting a threshold on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Zhisheng Xiao , Qing Yan , Yali Amit

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for neural networks operating in open-world settings, particularly in safety-critical applications. Existing methods have improved OOD detection by leveraging two main techniques:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Lucas Rakotoarivony

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that fall outside a model's training distribution, a capability critical for safe deployment in high-stakes applications. Standard OOD detectors are trained on a specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shawn Li , You Qin , Jiate Li , Charith Peris , Lisa Bauer , Roger Zimmermann , Yue Zhao

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable deployment of machine learning systems in vision, robotics, reinforcement learning, and beyond. We introduce Score-Curvature Out-of-distribution Proximity Evaluator for Diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Brett Barkley , Preston Culbertson , David Fridovich-Keil

Building up reliable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detectors is challenging, often requiring the use of OOD data during training. In this work, we develop a data-driven approach which is distinct and complementary to existing works: Instead of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Jingyang Zhang , Nathan Inkawhich , Randolph Linderman , Ryan Luley , Yiran Chen , Hai Li

Few-shot Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a critical research direction in machine learning for practical deployment. Most existing Few-shot OOD detection methods suffer from insufficient generalization capability for the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Pinxuan Li , Bing Cao , Changqing Zhang , Qinghua Hu

The ability of the deep learning model to recognize when a sample falls outside its learned distribution is critical for safe and reliable deployment. Recent state-of-the-art out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods leverage activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Sudarshan Regmi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for machine learning models deployed in the open world. Recently, the use of an auxiliary outlier dataset during training (also known as outlier exposure) has shown promising performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yifei Ming , Ying Fan , Yixuan Li

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs), via their induced flow maps, provide a powerful framework to parameterize invertible transformations for the purpose of representing complex probability distributions. While such models have achieved…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Youssef Marzouk , Zhi Ren , Sven Wang , Jakob Zech

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the deployment of machine learning models in the open world. While existing OOD detectors are effective in identifying OOD samples that deviate significantly from in-distribution (ID) data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Siddharth Garg , Farshad Khorrami

We present a new methodology for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) images by utilizing norms of the score estimates at multiple noise scales. A score is defined to be the gradient of the log density with respect to the input data. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ahsan Mahmood , Junier Oliva , Martin Styner

Outlier detection refers to the identification of data points that deviate from a general data distribution. Existing unsupervised approaches often suffer from high computational cost, complex hyperparameter tuning, and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Zheng Li , Yue Zhao , Xiyang Hu , Nicola Botta , Cezar Ionescu , George H. Chen

Deep Learning models possess two key traits that, in combination, make their use in the real world a risky prospect. One, they do not typically generalize well outside of the distribution for which they were trained, and two, they tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Jonathan S. Kent , Bo Li

The crux of effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies in acquiring a robust in-distribution (ID) representation, distinct from OOD samples. While previous methods predominantly leaned on recognition-based techniques for this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

A key appeal of the recently proposed Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) framework is that it seems to provide a continuous-time extension of discrete residual neural networks. As we show herein, though, trained Neural ODE models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Katharina Ott , Prateek Katiyar , Philipp Hennig , Michael Tiemann