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Energy efficiency has a significant influence on user experience of battery-driven devices such as smartphones and tablets. The goal of an energy model for source code is to lay a foundation for the application of energy-saving techniques…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-05-19 Xueliang Li , John P. Gallagher

The analysis of source code through machine learning techniques is an increasingly explored research topic aiming at increasing smartness in the software toolchain to exploit modern architectures in the best possible way. In the case of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Emanuele Parisi , Francesco Barchi , Andrea Bartolini , Giuseppe Tagliavini , Andrea Acquaviva

Reducing energy consumption is one of the key challenges in computing technology. One factor that contributes to high energy consumption is that all parts of the program are considered equally significant for the accuracy of the end-result.…

The total energy consumption of today's video coding systems is globally significant and emphasizes the need for sustainable video coder applications. To develop such sustainable video coders, the knowledge of the energy consumption of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-03 Geetha Ramasubbu , André Kaup , Christian Herglotz

Developing energy-efficient video encoding algorithms is highly important due to the high processing complexities and, consequently, the high energy demand of the encoding process. To accomplish this, the energy consumption of the video…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-04 Geetha Ramasubbu , Andrè Kaup , Christian Herglotz

The optimization of the energy demand is crucial for modern video codecs. Previous studies show that the energy demand of VVC decoders can be improved by more than 50% if specific coding tools are disabled in the encoder. However, those…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-16 Matthias Kränzler , Adam Wieckowski , Geetha Ramasubbu , Benjamin Bross , André Kaup , Detlev Marpe , Christian Herglotz

We present EnergyLens, an end-to-end framework for energy-aware large language model (LLM) inference optimization. As LLMs scale, predicting and reducing their energy footprint has become critical for sustainability and datacenter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiye Song , Kyungmi Lee , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

Energy efficiency has a significant influence on user experience of battery-driven devices such as smartphones and tablets. It is shown that software optimization plays an important role in reducing energy consumption of system. However, in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-05-19 Xueliang Li , John P. Gallagher

Context. Nowadays, 83% of software developers use Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate code. LLMs recently became essential to increase the productivity of software developers and decrease the time and cost of software development.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Vlad-Andrei Cursaru , Laura Duits , Joel Milligan , Damla Ural , Berta Rodriguez Sanchez , Vincenzo Stoico , Ivano Malavolta

The discussion around AI-Engineering, that is, Software Engineering (SE) for AI-enabled Systems, cannot ignore a crucial class of software systems that are increasingly becoming AI-enhanced: Those used to enable or support the SE process,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Himon Thakur , Armin Moin

As large language models span dense, mixture-of-experts, and state-space architectures and are deployed on heterogeneous accelerators under increasingly diverse multimodal workloads, optimising inference energy has become as critical as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Vittorio Palladino , Gianluca Palermo , Michael E. Papka , Zhiling Lan

Energy efficiency has become a growing concern in software development, leading to the need for tools designed to measure energy consumption. While several energy measurement tools are available as open-source projects, their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Manuela Bechara Cannizza , Michel Albonico

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar

Context. The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to their widespread adoption in development pipelines. Goal. We empirically assess the energy efficiency of Python code generated by LLMs against human-written code and code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Radu Apsan , Vincenzo Stoico , Michel Albonico , Rudra Dhar , Karthik Vaidhyanathan , Ivano Malavolta

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming integral to daily life, showcasing their vast potential across various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Beyond NLP, LLMs are increasingly used in software development tasks, such as code…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Shashikant Ilager , Lukas Florian Briem , Ivona Brandic

Energy efficiency can have a significant influence on user experience of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Although energy is consumed by hardware, software optimization plays an important role in saving energy, and thus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-08-19 Xueliang Li , John P. Gallagher

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava

The ever increasing number and complexity of energy-bound devices (such as the ones used in Internet of Things applications, smart phones, and mission critical systems) pose an important challenge on techniques to optimize their energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Umer Liqat , Zorana Bankovic , Pedro Lopez-Garcia , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

Advances in technologies like artificial intelligence and metaverse have led to a proliferation of software systems in business and everyday life. With this widespread penetration, the carbon emissions of software are rapidly growing as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Rohit Mehra , Priyavanshi Pathania , Vibhu Saujanya Sharma , Vikrant Kaulgud , Sanjay Podder , Adam P. Burden

There is a growing concern about the environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in software development, particularly due to their high energy use and carbon footprint. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer a more sustainable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Shadikur Rahman , Zeeshan Sattar
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