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Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy measurements are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Qingqing Cao , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

The dominance of large decoder-only language models has overshadowed encoder-decoder architectures, despite their fundamental efficiency advantages in sequence processing. For small language models (SLMs) - those with 1 billion parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Mohamed Elfeki , Rui Liu , Chad Voegele

Accurate software energy measurement is critical for optimizing energy, yet existing profilers force a trade-off between measurement accuracy and overhead due to tight coupling with supported specific hardware or languages. We present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Saurabhsingh Rajput , Tushar Sharma

As software proliferates across domains, its aggregate energy footprint has become a major concern. To reduce software's growing environmental footprint, developers need to identify and refactor energy smells: source code implementations,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Mohammadjavad Mehditabar , Saurabhsingh Rajput , Tushar Sharma

Making energy consumption data accessible to software developers is an essential step towards energy efficient software engineering. The presence of various different, bespoke and incompatible, methods of instrumentation to obtain energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Hayden Field , Glen Anderson , Kerstin Eder

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu

The growing energy demands of computational systems necessitate a fundamental shift from performance-centric design to one that treats energy consumption as one of the primary design considerations. Current approaches treat energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Saurabhsingh Rajput , Tushar Sharma

The design of embedded systems is a complex activity that involves a lot of decisions. With high performance demands of present day usage scenarios and software, they often involve energy hungry state-of-the-art computing units. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-01-03 Ivan Švogor

Energy efficiency is an essential requirement for all contemporary computing systems. We thus need tools to measure the energy consumption of computing systems and to understand how workloads affect it. Significant recent research effort…

Performance · Computer Science 2016-11-16 Lev Mukhanov , Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos , Bronis R. de Supinski

The growing demand for data center capacity, driven by the growth of high-performance computing, cloud computing, and especially artificial intelligence, has led to a sharp increase in data center energy consumption. To improve energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jonathan Bader , Julius Irion , Jannis Kappel , Joel Witzke , Niklas Fomin , Diellza Sherifi , Odej Kao

Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han

The energy consumption and the compute performance of a fluid dynamic code have been investigated varying parallelization approach, arithmetic precision and clock speed. The code is based on a Lattice Boltzmann approximation, is written in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Matteo Turisini , Giorgio Amati , Andrea Acquaviva

With the increasing complexity of modern software and the demand for high performance, energy consumption has become a critical factor for developers and researchers. While much of the research community is focused on evaluating the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Shivadharshan S , Akilesh P , Rajrupa Chattaraj , Sridhar Chimalakonda

While code large language models have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, the generated code often exhibits poor runtime efficiency, limiting its practical application in performance-sensitive scenarios. To address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Xiao Xu , Binyuan Hui , Junyang Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in code generation tasks. However, there remains a performance gap between open-source and closed-source models. To address this gap, existing approaches typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Weijie Lv , Xuan Xia , Sheng-Jun Huang

With the increasing usage, scale, and complexity of Deep Learning (DL) models, their rapidly growing energy consumption has become a critical concern. Promoting green development and energy awareness at different granularities is the need…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Saurabhsingh Rajput , Tim Widmayer , Ziyuan Shang , Maria Kechagia , Federica Sarro , Tushar Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) have become vital tools for software development, but they often require verbose intermediate reasoning for complex code tasks, leading to high latency and costs. This research extends the Chain of Draft (CoD)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Shaoyi Yang

Source code is usually formatted with elements like indentation and newlines to improve readability for human developers. However, these visual aids do not seem to be beneficial for large language models (LLMs) in the same way since the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Dangfeng Pan , Zhensu Sun , Cenyuan Zhang , David Lo , Xiaoning Du

Existing software-based energy measurements of NLP models are not accurate because they do not consider the complex interactions between energy consumption and model execution. We present IrEne, an interpretable and extensible energy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Qingqing Cao , Yash Kumar Lal , Harsh Trivedi , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian