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High-fidelity quantum entanglement enables key quantum networking capabilities such as secure communication and distributed quantum computing, but long-distance entanglement distribution is limited by noise and loss. Entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Andi Gu , Lorenzo Leone , Kenneth Goodenough , Sumeet Khatri

Quantum networks crucially rely on the availability of high-quality entangled pairs of qubits, known as entangled links, distributed across distant nodes. Maintaining the quality of these links is a challenging task due to the presence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Bethany Davies , Álvaro G. Iñesta , Stephanie Wehner

We develop new routing algorithms for a quantum network with noisy quantum devices such that each can store a small number of qubits. We thereby consider two models for the operation of such a network. The first is a continuous model, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Kaushik Chakraborty , Filip Rozpedek , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum cloud computing (QCC) offers a promising approach to efficiently provide quantum computing resources, such as quantum computers, to perform resource-intensive tasks. Like traditional cloud computing platforms, QCC providers can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Rakpong Kaewpuang , Minrui Xu , Dinh Thai Hoang , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Ruidong Li , Zehui Xiong , Jiawen Kang

In this paper, we propose a novel bipartite entanglement purification protocol built upon hashing and upon the guessing random additive noise decoding (GRAND) approach recently devised for classical error correction codes. Our protocol…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-25 André Roque , Diogo Cruz , Francisco A. Monteiro , Bruno C. Coutinho

Entanglement purification protocols, designed to improve the fidelity of Bell states over quantum networks for inter-node communications, have attracted significant attention over the last few decades. These protocols have great potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-07 Yue Shi , Chenxu Liu , Samuel Stein , Meng Wang , Muqing Zheng , Ang Li

Quantum networks will be able to service consumers with long-distance entanglement by use of quantum repeaters that generate Bell pairs (or links) with their neighbors, iid with probability $p$ and perform Bell State Measurements (BSMs) on…

Quantum communication enables secure information transmission and entanglement distribution, but these tasks are fundamentally limited by the capacities of quantum channels. While quantum repeaters can mitigate losses and noise,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-02 Ozlem Erkilic , Matthew S. Winnel , Aritra Das , Sebastian Kish , Ping Koy Lam , Jie Zhao , Syed M. Assad

Distributing entangled pairs among multiple users is a fundamental problem in quantum networks. Existing protocols like $X$ protocol introduced in (npj Quantum Information 5, 76 (2019)) use graph theoretic tools like local complementation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-05 Vaisakh Mannalath , Anirban Pathak

In quantum networks, a set of entangled states distributed over multiple, alternative, distinct paths between a pair of source-destination nodes can be purified to obtain a higher fidelity entangled state between the nodes. This multipath…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Rajni Bala , Md Sohel Mondal , Siddhartha Santra

High-quality long-distance entanglement is essential for both quantum communication and scalable quantum networks. Entanglement purification is to distill high-quality entanglement from low-quality entanglement in a noisy environment and it…

In this paper, a space-air-ground quantum (SPARQ) network is developed as a means for providing a seamless on-demand entanglement distribution. The node mobility in SPARQ poses significant challenges to entanglement routing. Existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail , Walid Saad

We consider the problem of distributing entangled multipartite states across a quantum network with improved distribution rate and fidelity. For this, we propose fidelity-aware multi-path routing protocols, assess their performance in terms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli

Entanglement purification protocols promise to play a critical role in the future of quantum networks by distributing entanglement across noisy channels. However, only the security of two-way purification protocols have been closely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-21 Cameron Cianci

Quantum entanglement shared by remote network nodes serves as a valuable resource for promising applications in distributed computing, cryptography, and sensing. However, distributing entanglement with high-quality via fiber optic routes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-02 Liangzhong Ruan , Brian T. Kirby , Michael Brodsky , Moe Z. Win

We investigate novel protocols for entanglement purification of qubit Bell pairs. Employing genetic algorithms for the design of the purification circuit, we obtain shorter circuits achieving higher success rates and better final fidelities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-22 Stefan Krastanov , Victor V. Albert , Liang Jiang

Entanglement purification with two entangled resource pairs is widely employed in the literature on quantum repeater networks to counteract fidelity degradation introduced by noisy quantum memories and entanglement swapping across multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Anoosha Fayyaz , Prashant Krishnamurthy , Kaushik Seshadreesan , Amy Babay , David Tipper

Generating entanglement between distributed network nodes is a prerequisite for the quantum internet. Entanglement distribution protocols based on high-dimensional photonic qudits enable the simultaneous generation of multiple entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 Xiaoyu Liu , Niv Bharos , Liubov Markovich , Johannes Borregaard

Noise and photon loss encountered on quantum channels pose a major challenge for reliable entanglement generation in quantum networks. In near-term networks, heralding is required to inform endpoints of successfully generated entanglement.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Mohammad Mobayenjarihani , Gayane Vardoyan , Don Towsley

Quantum teleportation enables high-security communications through end-to-end quantum entangled pairs. End-to-end entangled pairs are created by using swapping processes to consume short entangled pairs and generate long pairs. However, due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Shao-Min Huang , Cheng-Yang Cheng , Ming-Huang Chien , Jian-Jhih Kuo , Chih-Yu Wang