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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results across diverse domains, yet their development remains reliant on vast amounts of publicly available data, raising concerns about data scarcity and the lack of access to…

We introduce HyperCLOVA X, a family of large language models (LLMs) tailored to the Korean language and culture, along with competitive capabilities in English, math, and coding. HyperCLOVA X was trained on a balanced mix of Korean,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kang Min Yoo , Jaegeun Han , Sookyo In , Heewon Jeon , Jisu Jeong , Jaewook Kang , Hyunwook Kim , Kyung-Min Kim , Munhyong Kim , Sungju Kim , Donghyun Kwak , Hanock Kwak , Se Jung Kwon , Bado Lee , Dongsoo Lee , Gichang Lee , Jooho Lee , Baeseong Park , Seongjin Shin , Joonsang Yu , Seolki Baek , Sumin Byeon , Eungsup Cho , Dooseok Choe , Jeesung Han , Youngkyun Jin , Hyein Jun , Jaeseung Jung , Chanwoong Kim , Jinhong Kim , Jinuk Kim , Dokyeong Lee , Dongwook Park , Jeong Min Sohn , Sujung Han , Jiae Heo , Sungju Hong , Mina Jeon , Hyunhoon Jung , Jungeun Jung , Wangkyo Jung , Chungjoon Kim , Hyeri Kim , Jonghyun Kim , Min Young Kim , Soeun Lee , Joonhee Park , Jieun Shin , Sojin Yang , Jungsoon Yoon , Hwaran Lee , Sanghwan Bae , Jeehwan Cha , Karl Gylleus , Donghoon Ham , Mihak Hong , Youngki Hong , Yunki Hong , Dahyun Jang , Hyojun Jeon , Yujin Jeon , Yeji Jeong , Myunggeun Ji , Yeguk Jin , Chansong Jo , Shinyoung Joo , Seunghwan Jung , Adrian Jungmyung Kim , Byoung Hoon Kim , Hyomin Kim , Jungwhan Kim , Minkyoung Kim , Minseung Kim , Sungdong Kim , Yonghee Kim , Youngjun Kim , Youngkwan Kim , Donghyeon Ko , Dughyun Lee , Ha Young Lee , Jaehong Lee , Jieun Lee , Jonghyun Lee , Jongjin Lee , Min Young Lee , Yehbin Lee , Taehong Min , Yuri Min , Kiyoon Moon , Hyangnam Oh , Jaesun Park , Kyuyon Park , Younghun Park , Hanbae Seo , Seunghyun Seo , Mihyun Sim , Gyubin Son , Matt Yeo , Kyung Hoon Yeom , Wonjoon Yoo , Myungin You , Doheon Ahn , Homin Ahn , Joohee Ahn , Seongmin Ahn , Chanwoo An , Hyeryun An , Junho An , Sang-Min An , Boram Byun , Eunbin Byun , Jongho Cha , Minji Chang , Seunggyu Chang , Haesong Cho , Youngdo Cho , Dalnim Choi , Daseul Choi , Hyoseok Choi , Minseong Choi , Sangho Choi , Seongjae Choi , Wooyong Choi , Sewhan Chun , Dong Young Go , Chiheon Ham , Danbi Han , Jaemin Han , Moonyoung Hong , Sung Bum Hong , Dong-Hyun Hwang , Seongchan Hwang , Jinbae Im , Hyuk Jin Jang , Jaehyung Jang , Jaeni Jang , Sihyeon Jang , Sungwon Jang , Joonha Jeon , Daun Jeong , Joonhyun Jeong , Kyeongseok Jeong , Mini Jeong , Sol Jin , Hanbyeol Jo , Hanju Jo , Minjung Jo , Chaeyoon Jung , Hyungsik Jung , Jaeuk Jung , Ju Hwan Jung , Kwangsun Jung , Seungjae Jung , Soonwon Ka , Donghan Kang , Soyoung Kang , Taeho Kil , Areum Kim , Beomyoung Kim , Byeongwook Kim , Daehee Kim , Dong-Gyun Kim , Donggook Kim , Donghyun Kim , Euna Kim , Eunchul Kim , Geewook Kim , Gyu Ri Kim , Hanbyul Kim , Heesu Kim , Isaac Kim , Jeonghoon Kim , Jihye Kim , Joonghoon Kim , Minjae Kim , Minsub Kim , Pil Hwan Kim , Sammy Kim , Seokhun Kim , Seonghyeon Kim , Soojin Kim , Soong Kim , Soyoon Kim , Sunyoung Kim , Taeho Kim , Wonho Kim , Yoonsik Kim , You Jin Kim , Yuri Kim , Beomseok Kwon , Ohsung Kwon , Yoo-Hwan Kwon , Anna Lee , Byungwook Lee , Changho Lee , Daun Lee , Dongjae Lee , Ha-Ram Lee , Hodong Lee , Hwiyeong Lee , Hyunmi Lee , Injae Lee , Jaeung Lee , Jeongsang Lee , Jisoo Lee , Jongsoo Lee , Joongjae Lee , Juhan Lee , Jung Hyun Lee , Junghoon Lee , Junwoo Lee , Se Yun Lee , Sujin Lee , Sungjae Lee , Sungwoo Lee , Wonjae Lee , Zoo Hyun Lee , Jong Kun Lim , Kun Lim , Taemin Lim , Nuri Na , Jeongyeon Nam , Kyeong-Min Nam , Yeonseog Noh , Biro Oh , Jung-Sik Oh , Solgil Oh , Yeontaek Oh , Boyoun Park , Cheonbok Park , Dongju Park , Hyeonjin Park , Hyun Tae Park , Hyunjung Park , Jihye Park , Jooseok Park , Junghwan Park , Jungsoo Park , Miru Park , Sang Hee Park , Seunghyun Park , Soyoung Park , Taerim Park , Wonkyeong Park , Hyunjoon Ryu , Jeonghun Ryu , Nahyeon Ryu , Soonshin Seo , Suk Min Seo , Yoonjeong Shim , Kyuyong Shin , Wonkwang Shin , Hyun Sim , Woongseob Sim , Hyejin Soh , Bokyong Son , Hyunjun Son , Seulah Son , Chi-Yun Song , Chiyoung Song , Ka Yeon Song , Minchul Song , Seungmin Song , Jisung Wang , Yonggoo Yeo , Myeong Yeon Yi , Moon Bin Yim , Taehwan Yoo , Youngjoon Yoo , Sungmin Yoon , Young Jin Yoon , Hangyeol Yu , Ui Seon Yu , Xingdong Zuo , Jeongin Bae , Joungeun Bae , Hyunsoo Cho , Seonghyun Cho , Yongjin Cho , Taekyoon Choi , Yera Choi , Jiwan Chung , Zhenghui Han , Byeongho Heo , Euisuk Hong , Taebaek Hwang , Seonyeol Im , Sumin Jegal , Sumin Jeon , Yelim Jeong , Yonghyun Jeong , Can Jiang , Juyong Jiang , Jiho Jin , Ara Jo , Younghyun Jo , Hoyoun Jung , Juyoung Jung , Seunghyeong Kang , Dae Hee Kim , Ginam Kim , Hangyeol Kim , Heeseung Kim , Hyojin Kim , Hyojun Kim , Hyun-Ah Kim , Jeehye Kim , Jin-Hwa Kim , Jiseon Kim , Jonghak Kim , Jung Yoon Kim , Rak Yeong Kim , Seongjin Kim , Seoyoon Kim , Sewon Kim , Sooyoung Kim , Sukyoung Kim , Taeyong Kim , Naeun Ko , Bonseung Koo , Heeyoung Kwak , Haena Kwon , Youngjin Kwon , Boram Lee , Bruce W. Lee , Dagyeong Lee , Erin Lee , Euijin Lee , Ha Gyeong Lee , Hyojin Lee , Hyunjeong Lee , Jeeyoon Lee , Jeonghyun Lee , Jongheok Lee , Joonhyung Lee , Junhyuk Lee , Mingu Lee , Nayeon Lee , Sangkyu Lee , Se Young Lee , Seulgi Lee , Seung Jin Lee , Suhyeon Lee , Yeonjae Lee , Yesol Lee , Youngbeom Lee , Yujin Lee , Shaodong Li , Tianyu Liu , Seong-Eun Moon , Taehong Moon , Max-Lasse Nihlenramstroem , Wonseok Oh , Yuri Oh , Hongbeen Park , Hyekyung Park , Jaeho Park , Nohil Park , Sangjin Park , Jiwon Ryu , Miru Ryu , Simo Ryu , Ahreum Seo , Hee Seo , Kangdeok Seo , Jamin Shin , Seungyoun Shin , Heetae Sin , Jiangping Wang , Lei Wang , Ning Xiang , Longxiang Xiao , Jing Xu , Seonyeong Yi , Haanju Yoo , Haneul Yoo , Hwanhee Yoo , Liang Yu , Youngjae Yu , Weijie Yuan , Bo Zeng , Qian Zhou , Kyunghyun Cho , Jung-Woo Ha , Joonsuk Park , Jihyun Hwang , Hyoung Jo Kwon , Soonyong Kwon , Jungyeon Lee , Seungho Lee , Seonghyeon Lim , Hyunkyung Noh , Seungho Choi , Sang-Woo Lee , Jung Hwa Lim , Nako Sung

Cyber Ranges (CRs) have emerged as prominent platforms for cybersecurity training and education, especially for Critical Infrastructure (CI) sectors that face rising cyber threats. One way to address these threats is through hands-on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Vyron Kampourakis , Georgios Kavallieratos , Georgios Spathoulas , Vasileios Gkioulos , Sokratis Katsikas

Large-scale Transformer models have significantly promoted the recent development of natural language processing applications. However, little effort has been made to unify the effective models. In this paper, driven by providing a new set…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Dezhou Shen

The general capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM) highly rely on the composition and selection on extensive pretraining datasets, treated as commercial secrets by several institutions. To mitigate this issue, we open-source the…

Industrial cyber-physical systems generate vast amounts of semi-structured time-series data that require careful preprocessing before they can be effectively used for machine learning applications such as fault detection and identification.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Uraz Odyurt , Ömer Sayilir , Mariëlle Stoelinga , Vadim Zaytsev

Generative AI and large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in code understanding, but their use in cybersecurity, particularly for malware detection and analysis, remains limited. Existing detection systems often fail to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Hamed Jelodar , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ali A. Ghorbani

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cyber security, intelligent chatbots are gaining prominence. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Natural Language Processing empower these chatbots to handle user inquiries and deliver threat…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Dincy R. Arikkat , Abhinav M. , Navya Binu , Parvathi M. , Navya Biju , K. S. Arunima , Vinod P. , Rafidha Rehiman K. A. , Mauro Conti

With the rapid development of technology and the acceleration of digitalisation, the frequency and complexity of cyber security threats are increasing. Traditional cybersecurity approaches, often based on static rules and predefined…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shuang Tian , Tao Zhang , Jiqiang Liu , Jiacheng Wang , Xuangou Wu , Xiaoqiang Zhu , Ruichen Zhang , Weiting Zhang , Zhenhui Yuan , Shiwen Mao , Dong In Kim

Ensuring safety of large language models (LLMs) is important. Red teaming--a systematic approach to identifying adversarial prompts that elicit harmful responses from target LLMs--has emerged as a crucial safety evaluation method. Within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ren-Jian Wang , Ke Xue , Zeyu Qin , Ziniu Li , Sheng Tang , Hao-Tian Li , Shengcai Liu , Chao Qian

Siren represents a pioneering research effort aimed at fortifying cybersecurity through strategic integration of deception, machine learning, and proactive threat analysis. Drawing inspiration from mythical sirens, this project employs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Samhruth Ananthanarayanan , Girish Kulathumani , Ganesh Narayanan

The increasing number of cyber threats and rapidly evolving tactics, as well as the high volume of data in recent years, have caused classical machine learning, rules, and signature-based defence strategies to fail, rendering them unable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Siva Sai , Ishika Goyal , Shubham Sharma , Sri Harshita Manuri , Vinay Chamola , Rajkumar Buyya

In-context learning using large language models has recently shown surprising results for semantic parsing tasks such as Text-to-SQL translation. Prompting GPT-3 or Codex using several examples of question-SQL pairs can produce excellent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Peng Shi , Rui Zhang , He Bai , Jimmy Lin

The recent progression of Large Language Models (LLMs) has witnessed great success in the fields of data-centric applications. LLMs trained on massive textual datasets showed ability to encode not only context but also ability to provide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Mohammed Hassanin , Nour Moustafa

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

This paper presents CyberSecEval, a comprehensive benchmark developed to help bolster the cybersecurity of Large Language Models (LLMs) employed as coding assistants. As what we believe to be the most extensive unified cybersecurity safety…

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) has expanded their cyber-attack surface, introducing new and sophisticated threats with potential to exploit emerging vulnerabilities. Assessing the risks of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Braden K Webb , Sumit Purohit , Rounak Meyur

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as Gemma-2B have shown strong performance in various natural language processing tasks. However, general-purpose models often lack the domain expertise required for cybersecurity applications. This work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Vasanth Iyer , Leonardo Bobadilla , S. S. Iyengar

High-risk domains pose unique challenges that require language models to provide accurate and safe responses. Despite the great success of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT and its variants, their performance in high-risk…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Chia-Chien Hung , Wiem Ben Rim , Lindsay Frost , Lars Bruckner , Carolin Lawrence

Nowadays, companies are highly exposed to cyber security threats. In many industrial domains, protective measures are being deployed and actively supported by standards. However the global process remains largely dependent on document…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Christophe Ponsard