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Requirement specifications are typically written in natural language (NL) due to its usability across multiple domains and understandability by all stakeholders. However, unstructured NL is prone to quality problems (e.g., ambiguity) when…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Alvaro Veizaga , Seung Yeob Shin , Lionel C. Briand

Large Language Models (LLMs) are one of the most promising developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and the software engineering community has readily noticed their potential role in the software development life-cycle.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Greta Dolcetti , Vincenzo Arceri , Eleonora Iotti , Sergio Maffeis , Agostino Cortesi , Enea Zaffanella

Practitioners use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) scripts to efficiently configure IT infrastructures through machine-readable definition files. However, during the development of these scripts, some code patterns or deployment choices may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Seif Kosbar , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Automated code smell detection faces persistent challenges due to the subjectivity of heuristic rules and the limited performance of traditional ML/DL models. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative, their adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Beiqi Zhang , Peng Liang , Xin Zhou , Xiyu Zhou , David Lo , Qiong Feng , Zengyang Li , Lin Li

In the era of large language models (LLMs), code benchmarks have become an important research area in software engineering and are widely used by practitioners. These benchmarks evaluate the performance of LLMs on specific code-related…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

Nowadays, most DL frameworks (DLFs) use multilingual programming of Python and C/C++, facilitating the flexibility and performance of the DLF. However, inappropriate interlanguage interaction may introduce design smells involving multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Zengyang Li , Xiaoyong Zhang , Wenshuo Wang , Peng Liang , Ran Mo , Jie Tan , Hui Liu

Test smells arise from poor design practices and insufficient domain knowledge, which can lower the quality of test code and make it harder to maintain and update. Manually refactoring test smells is time-consuming and error-prone,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yi Gao , Xing Hu , Xiaohu Yang , Xin Xia

Predicting olfactory perception directly from molecular structure is central to fragrance design that plays a role in a wide range of industries, such as perfumery, food and beverage, and health care. Among olfactory attributes, odor…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Peter Fichtelmann , Julia Westermayr

Architectural decay imposes real costs in terms of developer effort, system correctness, and performance. Over time, those problems are likely to be revealed as explicit implementation issues (defects, feature changes, etc.). Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Duc Minh Le , Suhrid Karthik , Marcelo Schmitt Laser , Nenad Medvidovic

Context: Securing microservice-based applications is crucial, as many IT companies are delivering their businesses through microservices. If security smells affect microservice-based applications, they can possibly suffer from security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Francisco Ponce , Jacopo Soldani , Hernán Astudillo , Antonio Brogi

Using open-source dependencies is essential in modern software development. However, this practice implies significant trust in third-party code, while there is little support for developers to assess this trust. As a consequence, attacks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Raphina Liu , Sofia Bobadilla , Benoit Baudry , Martin Monperrus

Gender stereotypes in introductory programming courses often go unnoticed, yet they can negatively influence young learners' interest and learning, particularly under-represented groups such as girls. Popular tutorials on block-based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Isabella Graßl , Benedikt Fein , Gordon Fraser

Readability models and tools have been proposed to measure the effort to read code. However, these models are not completely able to capture the quality improvements in code as perceived by developers. To investigate possible features for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Carlos Eduardo C. Dantas , Adriano M. Rocha , Marcelo A. Maia

In large-scale embedded system development, requirement and test specifications are often expressed in natural language. In the context of developing such products, requirement review is performed in many cases manually using these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Kostadin Rajkovic , Eduard Enoiu

Code analysis is fundamental in Software Engineering, supporting debugging, optimization, and security assessment. Human developers approach it through syntax parsing, static semantics inference, and dynamic reasoning. Traditional tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Wei Ma , Zhihao Lin , Shangqing Liu , Qiang Hu , Ye Liu , Wenhan Wang , Cen Zhang , Liming Nie , Li Li , Yang Liu , Lingxiao Jiang

Developers need to make a constant effort to improve the quality of their code if they want to stay productive. Tools that highlight code locations that could benefit from refactoring are thus highly desirable. The most common name for such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Daniel Speicher

Enhancing the modular structure of existing systems has attracted substantial research interest, focusing on two main methods: (1) software modularization and (2) identifying design issues (e.g., smells) as refactoring opportunities.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Chenxing Zhong , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Huang Huang , Yue Li , He Zhang

Best testing practices state that tests should verify a single functionality or behavior of the system. Tests that verify multiple behaviors are harder to understand, lack focus, and are more coupled to the production code. An attempt to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Andre Hora , Andy Zaidman

Sensitive information leakage in code repositories has emerged as a critical security challenge. Traditional detection methods that rely on regular expressions, fingerprint features, and high-entropy calculations often suffer from high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Bin Wang , Hui Li , Liyang Zhang , Qijia Zhuang , Ao Yang , Dong Zhang , Xijun Luo , Bing Lin

Background: Academic search engines (i.e., digital libraries and indexers) play an increasingly important role in systematic reviews however these engines do not seem to effectively support such reviews, e.g., researchers confront usability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Zheng Li , Austen Rainer