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Much of the existing ML research focuses on model performance metrics, leaving limited attention to the long-term sustainability and resource efficiency of ML applications. While high performance is essential, ensuring efficient resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Bashar Abdallah , Martyna E. Wojciechowska , Gustavo Santos , Edmand Yu , Maxime Lamothe , Alain Abran , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Refactorings are transformations to improve the code design without changing overall functionality and observable behavior. During the refactoring process of smelly test code, practitioners may struggle to identify refactoring candidates…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Luana Martins , Denivan Campos , Railana Santana , Joselito Mota Junior , Heitor Costa , Ivan Machado

Regression testing is an important phase to deliver software with quality. However, flaky tests hamper the evaluation of test results and can increase costs. This is because a flaky test may pass or fail non-deterministically and to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-15 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio

Code Smell Detection (CSD) plays a crucial role in improving software quality and maintainability. And Deep Learning (DL) techniques have emerged as a promising approach for CSD due to their superior performance. However, the effectiveness…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Fengji Zhang , Zexian Zhang , Jacky Wai Keung , Xiangru Tang , Zhen Yang , Xiao Yu , Wenhua Hu

Effective software development relies on managing both collaboration and technology, but sociotechnical challenges can harm team dynamics and increase technical debt. Although teams working on ML enabled systems are interdisciplinary,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Giusy Annunziata , Stefano Lambiase , Fabio Palomba , Gemma Catolino , Filomena Ferrucci

The context of this work is specification, detection and ultimately removal of detectable harmful patterns in source code that are associated with defects in design and implementation of software. In particular, we investigate five code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-04-03 Nicole Vavrová , Vadim Zaytsev

Test smells can reduce the developers' ability to interact with the test code. Refactoring test code offers a safe strategy to handle test smells. However, the manual refactoring activity is not a trivial process, and it is often tedious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Railana Santana , Luana Martins , Tássio Virgínio , Larissa Soares , Heitor Costa , Ivan Machado

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) automates the provisioning and management of IT infrastructure through scripts and tools, streamlining software deployment. Prior studies have shown that IaC scripts often contain recurring security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Aicha War , Adnan A. Rawass , Abdoul K. Kabore , Jordan Samhi , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Refactoring is one of the most important activities in software engineering which is used to improve the quality of a software system. With the advancement of deep learning techniques, researchers are attempting to apply deep learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Bridget Nyirongo , Yanjie Jiang , He Jiang , Hui Liu

Duplicated code or code clones are a kind of code smell that have both positive and negative impacts on the development and maintenance of software systems. Software clone research in the past mostly focused on the detection and analysis of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Chanchal K. Roy , Minhaz F. Zibran , Rainer Koschke

As the development of Solidity contracts on Ethereum, more developers are reusing them on other compatible blockchains. However, developers may overlook the differences between the designs of the blockchain system, such as the Gas Mechanism…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Zexu Wang , Jiachi Chen , Tao Zhang , Yu Zhang , Weizhe Zhang , Yuming Feng , Zibin Zheng

The increasing frequency of attacks on Android applications coupled with the recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities of the latter in identifying potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Vasileios Kouliaridis , Georgios Karopoulos , Georgios Kambourakis

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly become a de facto standard for connecting LLM-based agents with external tools via reusable MCP servers. In practice, however, server selection and onboarding rely heavily on free-text tool…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Peiran Wang , Ying Li , Yuqiang Sun , Chengwei Liu , Yang Liu , Yuan Tian

Bug localization is an important aspect of software maintenance because it can locate modules that should be changed to fix a specific bug. Our previous study showed that the accuracy of the information retrieval (IR)-based bug localization…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Aoi Takahashi , Natthawute Sae-Lim , Shinpei Hayashi , Motoshi Saeki

Modern software relies on a multitude of automated testing and quality assurance tools to prevent errors, bugs and potential vulnerabilities. This study sets out to provide a head-to-head, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of six…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Damian Gnieciak , Tomasz Szandala

Traditionally, energy efficiency research has focused on reducing energy consumption at the hardware level and, more recently, in the design and coding phases of the software development life cycle. However, software testing's impact on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Md Rakib Hossain Misu , Jiawei Li , Adithya Bhattiprolu , Yang Liu , Eduardo Almeida , Iftekhar Ahmed

Foundation models (FM), such as large language models (LLMs), which are large-scale machine learning (ML) models, have demonstrated remarkable adaptability in various downstream software engineering (SE) tasks, such as code completion, code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Zhimin Zhao , Abdul Ali Bangash , Filipe Roseiro Côgo , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

In this paper, we present a novel approach to improving software quality and efficiency through a Large Language Model (LLM)-based model designed to review code and identify potential issues. Our proposed LLM-based AI agent model is trained…

Retrospective meetings play a vital role in agile development by facilitating team reflection on past work to enhance effectiveness. These meetings address various social aspects, including team dynamics, individual performance, processes,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Carlos Dantas , Tiago Massoni , Camila Sarmento , Rayana Rocha , Danielly Gualberto

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) intensively rely on event-driven programming: widgets send GUI events, which capture users' interactions, to dedicated objects called controllers. Controllers implement several GUI listeners that handle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Valéria Lelli , Arnaud Blouin , Benoit Baudry , Fabien Coulon , Olivier Beaudoux