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This study examines whether leading AI chatbot companies implement the responsible AI principles they publicly advocate. The authors used a mixed-methods approach analyzing four major chatbots (ChatGPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, and Grok) across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Susan Ariel Aaronson , Michael Moreno

AI companion chatbots, such as those offered by Replika and CharacterAI, increasingly function as always-available companions that provide empathy, validation, and support. While these systems appear to meet basic needs for connection,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Minh Duc Chu , Patrick Gerard , Kshitij Pawar , Charles Bickham , Kristina Lerman

Chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) have rapidly become a significant part of everyday life, with over a quarter of American adults using them multiple times per week. While these tools offer potential benefits and risks, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Joseph Heffner , Chongyu Qin , Martin Chadwick , Chris Knutsen , Christopher Summerfield , Zeb Kurth-Nelson , Robb B. Rutledge

Driven by ongoing improvements in machine learning, chatbots have increasingly grown from experimental interface prototypes to reliable and robust tools for process automation. Building on these advances, companies have identified various…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Alessandro Casadei , Stephan Schlögl , Markus Bergmann

Many people suffer from mental health problems but not everyone seeks professional help or has access to mental health care. AI chatbots have increasingly become a go-to for individuals who either have mental disorders or simply want…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-03 Aditya Naik , Jovi Thomas , Teja Sree Mandava , Himavanth Reddy Vemula

The use of large language model (LLM)-based AI chatbots among college students has increased rapidly, yet little is known about how individual psychological attributes shape students' interaction patterns with these technologies. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ziqi Lin , Taiyu Hou

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the increase of conversational agents like Replika, designed to provide social interaction and emotional support. However, reports of these AI systems engaging in inappropriate sexual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Mohammad , Namvarpour , Harrison Pauwels , Afsaneh Razi

As chatbots are becoming increasingly popular, we often wonder what users perceive as natural and socially accepted manners of interacting with them. Some researchers maintain that humans should avoid engaging in emotional conversations…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ekaterina Svikhnushina , Pearl Pu

Objective: Domestic abuse cases have risen significantly over the last four years, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges for victims and survivors in accessing support. In this study, we investigate the role that chatbots…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Rahime Belen Saglam , Jason R. C. Nurse , Lisa Sugiura

Self-disclosure counts as a key factor influencing successful health treatment, particularly when it comes to building a functioning patient-therapist-connection. To this end, the use of chatbots may be considered a promising puzzle piece…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Anna Stock , Stephan Schlögl , Aleksander Groth

Artificially intelligent chatbot, such as ChatGPT, represents a recent and powerful advancement in the AI domain. Users prefer them for obtaining quick and precise answers, avoiding the usual hassle of clicking through multiple links in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Seraj A. M. Mostafa , Md Z. Islam , Mohammad Z. Islam , Fairose Jeehan , Saujanna Jafreen , Raihan U. Islam

AI powered health chatbot applications are increasingly utilized for personalized healthcare services, yet they pose significant challenges related to user data security and privacy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of automated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Muhammad Hassan , Abdullah Ghani , Muhammad Fareed Zaffar , Masooda Bashir

User-configured chatbots built on top of large language models are increasingly available through centralized marketplaces such as OpenAI's GPT Store. While these platforms enforce usage policies intended to prevent harmful or inappropriate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 David Rodriguez , William Seymour , Jose M. Del Alamo , Jose Such

In today's contemporary digital landscape, chatbots have become indispensable tools across various sectors, streamlining customer service, providing personal assistance, automating routine tasks, and offering health advice. However, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Mugheez Asif , Abdul Manan , Abdul Moiz ur Rehman , Mamoona Naveed Asghar , Muhammad Umair

As AI chatbots see increased adoption and integration into everyday life, questions have been raised about the potential impact of human-like or anthropomorphic AI on users. In this work, we investigate the extent to which interactions with…

Increasing evidence suggests that a growing amount of social media content is generated by autonomous entities known as social bots. In this work we present a framework to detect such entities on Twitter. We leverage more than a thousand…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Onur Varol , Emilio Ferrara , Clayton A. Davis , Filippo Menczer , Alessandro Flammini

The widespread adoption of conversational AI platforms has introduced new security and privacy risks. While these risks and their mitigation strategies have been extensively researched from a technical perspective, users' perceptions of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Mutahar Ali , Arjun Arunasalam , Habiba Farrukh

AI chatbots are rapidly shaping how people encounter the news, yet no prior study has systematically measured how accurately these systems, with their proprietary search integrations and retrieval-synthesis pipelines, handle emerging facts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Mirac Suzgun , Emily Shen , Federico Bianchi , Alexander Spangher , Thomas Icard , Daniel E. Ho , Dan Jurafsky , James Zou

In recent times, a large number of people have been involved in establishing their own businesses. Unlike humans, chatbots can serve multiple customers at a time, are available 24/7 and reply in less than a fraction of a second. Though…

Conversational chatbots are Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered applications that assist users with various tasks by responding in natural language and are prevalent across different industries. Most of the chatbots that we encounter on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Sarada Devaram