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Conversational AI chatbots are transforming industries by streamlining customer service, automating transactions, and enhancing user engagement. However, evaluating these systems remains a challenge, particularly in financial services,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shailja Gupta , Rajesh Ranjan , Surya Narayan Singh

AI chatbots, built using large language models, are increasingly integrated into society and mimic the patterns of human text exchanges. While previous research has raised concerns that humans may form romantic attachment to chatbots, the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Julia Kieserman , Cat Mai , Sara Lignell , Lucy Qin , Athanasios Andreou , Damon McCoy , Rosanna Bellini

Romantic AI chatbots have quickly attracted users, but their emotional use raises concerns about privacy and safety. As people turn to these systems for intimacy, comfort, and emotionally significant interaction, they often disclose highly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Kazi Ababil Azam , Imtiaz Karim , Dipto Das

Alignment research on large language models (LLMs) increasingly depends on understanding how these systems are used in everyday contexts. Yet naturalistic interaction data is difficult to access due to privacy constraints and platform…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Cathy Mengying Fang , Sheer Karny , Chayapatr Archiwaranguprok , Yasith Samaradivakara , Pat Pataranutaporn , Pattie Maes

Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of chatbots led to their wide adoption by many industries in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Guendalina Caldarini , Sardar Jaf , Kenneth McGarry

Hundreds of millions of users now hold detailed, multi-turn conversations with ChatGPT and similar LLM assistants. We measure two privacy-relevant features of these conversations on a corpus of complete ChatGPT histories donated by over…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-25 S M Mehedi Zaman , Kiran Garimella

People increasingly turn to conversational agents such as ChatGPT to seek guidance for their personal problems. As these systems grow in capability, many now display elements of "thinking": short reflective statements that reveal a model's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Samuel Rhys Cox , Jade Martin-Lise , Simo Hosio , Niels van Berkel

This study investigates the development and assessment of an artificial human designed as a conversational AI chatbot, focusing on its role as a clinical psychologist. The project involved creating a specialized chatbot using the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Birger Moell

Communication traits in text-based human-AI conversations play pivotal roles in shaping user experiences and perceptions of systems. With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), it is now feasible to analyze these traits at a more…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Ananya Bhattacharjee , Jina Suh , Mahsa Ershadi , Shamsi T. Iqbal , Andrew D. Wilson , Javier Hernandez

LLM-powered chatbots are becoming widely adopted in applications such as healthcare, personal assistants, industry hiring decisions, etc. In many of these cases, chatbots are fed sensitive, personal information in their prompts, as samples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Aman Priyanshu , Supriti Vijay , Ayush Kumar , Rakshit Naidu , Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah

Background: Empathy is widely recognized for improving patient outcomes, including reduced pain and anxiety and improved satisfaction, and its absence can cause harm. Meanwhile, use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alastair Howcroft , Amber Bennett-Weston , Ahmad Khan , Joseff Griffiths , Simon Gay , Jeremy Howick

As conversational AI systems become more realistic and widely deployed, users are increasingly uncertain about whether they are interacting with a human or an AI system. When AI identity is unclear, users may unwittingly share sensitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Anna Gausen , Sarenne Wallbridge , Hannah Rose Kirk , Jennifer Williams , Christopher Summerfield

Intelligent conversational agents, or chatbots, can take on various identities and are increasingly engaging in more human-centered conversations with persuasive goals. However, little is known about how identities and inquiry strategies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Weiyan Shi , Xuewei Wang , Yoo Jung Oh , Jingwen Zhang , Saurav Sahay , Zhou Yu

Artificial intelligence based chatbots have brought unprecedented business potential. This study aims to explore consumers trust and response to a text-based chatbot in ecommerce, involving the moderating effects of task complexity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Xusen Cheng , Ying Bao , Alex Zarifis , Wankun Gong , Jian Mou

While computer systems that allow users to interact through conversational natural language (i.e., chatbots) have existed for many years, varying types of applications advertising AI companionship (e.g., Character AI, Replika) have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Natalie Grace Brigham , Lucy Qin , Tadayoshi Kohno

Prompt injection attacks pose a critical threat to large language models (LLMs), with prior work focusing on cutting-edge LLM applications like personal copilots. In contrast, simpler LLM applications, such as customer service chatbots, are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yigitcan Kaya , Anton Landerer , Stijn Pletinckx , Michelle Zimmermann , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna

As large language model (LLM)-enhanced chatbots become increasingly expressive and socially responsive, many users begin forming companionship-like bonds with them. This study investigates how using AI companions relates to psychological…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yutong Zhang , Dora Zhao , Jeffrey T. Hancock , Robert Kraut , Diyi Yang

Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers in the domain of relationships, providing a potential coping solution to widescale societal loneliness. Behavioral research provides little insight into whether…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Julian De Freitas , Ahmet K Uguralp , Zeliha O Uguralp , Puntoni Stefano

The rise of increasingly more powerful chatbots offers a new way to collect information through conversational surveys, where a chatbot asks open-ended questions, interprets a user's free-text responses, and probes answers whenever needed.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Ziang Xiao , Michelle X. Zhou , Q. Vera Liao , Gloria Mark , Changyan Chi , Wenxi Chen , Huahai Yang

Hundreds of millions of people now regularly interact with large language models via chatbots. Model developers are eager to acquire new sources of high-quality training data as they race to improve model capabilities and win market share.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jennifer King , Kevin Klyman , Emily Capstick , Tiffany Saade , Victoria Hsieh