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In the context of urban autonomous driving, imitation learning-based methods have shown remarkable effectiveness, with a typical practice to minimize the discrepancy between expert driving logs and predictive decision sequences. As expert…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Ren Xin , Jie Cheng , Hongji Liu , Jun Ma

Human drivers rely on commonsense reasoning to navigate diverse and dynamic real-world scenarios. Existing end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving (AD) models are typically optimized to mimic driving patterns observed in data, without capturing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yi Xu , Yuxin Hu , Zaiwei Zhang , Gregory P. Meyer , Siva Karthik Mustikovela , Siddhartha Srinivasa , Eric M. Wolff , Xin Huang

In the typical autonomous driving stack, planning and control systems represent two of the most crucial components in which data retrieved by sensors and processed by perception algorithms are used to implement a safe and comfortable…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Paolo Maramotti , Alessandro Paolo Capasso , Giulio Bacchiani , Alberto Broggi

Vision-Language Models(VLMs) excel at autoregressive text generation, yet end-to-end autonomous driving requires multi-task learning with structured outputs and heterogeneous decoding behaviors, such as autoregressive language generation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yiwei Zhang , Xuesong Chen , Jin Gao , Hanshi Wang , Fudong Ge , Weiming Hu , Shaoshuai Shi , Zhipeng Zhang

In this paper, we present LookOut, a novel autonomy system that perceives the environment, predicts a diverse set of futures of how the scene might unroll and estimates the trajectory of the SDV by optimizing a set of contingency plans over…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Alexander Cui , Sergio Casas , Abbas Sadat , Renjie Liao , Raquel Urtasun

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving aims to directly map sensory observations to driving actions, but its real-world deployment is hindered by evolving data distributions and the high cost of continual annotation. While combining imitation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ziang Guo , Chen Min , Xuefeng Zhang , Yixiao Zhou , Shuo Wang , Sifa Zheng , Dzmitry Tsetserukou , Zufeng Zhang

An efficient path planner for autonomous car-like vehicles should handle the strong kinematic constraints, particularly in confined spaces commonly encountered while maneuvering in city traffic, and should enable rapid planning, as the city…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Piotr Kicki , Tomasz Gawron , Piotr Skrzypczyński

End-to-end autonomous driving systems increasingly rely on vision-centric world models to understand and predict their environment. However, a common ineffectiveness in these models is the full reconstruction of future scenes, which expends…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jianbiao Mei , Yu Yang , Xuemeng Yang , Licheng Wen , Jiajun Lv , Botian Shi , Yong Liu

End-to-end autonomous driving aims to build a fully differentiable system that takes raw sensor data as inputs and directly outputs the planned trajectory or control signals of the ego vehicle. State-of-the-art methods usually follow the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Xiaosong Jia , Yulu Gao , Li Chen , Junchi Yan , Patrick Langechuan Liu , Hongyang Li

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Sorin Grigorescu , Bogdan Trasnea , Tiberiu Cocias , Gigel Macesanu

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models offer significant potential for end-to-end driving, yet their reasoning is often constrained by textual Chains-of-Thought (CoT). This symbolic compression of visual information creates a modality gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Shuang Zeng , Xinyuan Chang , Mengwei Xie , Xinran Liu , Yifan Bai , Zheng Pan , Mu Xu , Xing Wei , Ning Guo

We present OpenDriveVLA, a Vision Language Action model designed for end-to-end autonomous driving, built upon open-source large language models. OpenDriveVLA generates spatially grounded driving actions by leveraging multimodal inputs,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Xingcheng Zhou , Xuyuan Han , Feng Yang , Yunpu Ma , Volker Tresp , Alois Knoll

While end-to-end autonomous driving models show promising results, their practical deployment is often hindered by large model sizes, a reliance on expensive LiDAR sensors and computationally intensive BEV feature representations. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Maciej K. Wozniak , Lianhang Liu , Yixi Cai , Patric Jensfelt

Vision-Language Models (VLM) exhibit strong reasoning capabilities, showing promise for end-to-end autonomous driving systems. Chain-of-Thought (CoT), as VLM's widely used reasoning strategy, is facing critical challenges. Existing textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Lingjun Zhang , Yujian Yuan , Changjie Wu , Xinyuan Chang , Xin Cai , Shuang Zeng , Linzhe Shi , Sijin Wang , Hang Zhang , Mu Xu

Most state-of-the-art works in trajectory forecasting for automotive target predicting the pose and orientation of the agents in the scene. This represents a particularly useful problem, for instance in autonomous driving, but it does not…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Luca Paparusso , Stefano Melzi , Francesco Braghin

Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly being adopted for end-to-end autonomous driving systems due to their exceptional performance in handling long-tail scenarios. However, current VLM-based approaches suffer from two major…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yuqi Ye , Zijian Zhang , Junhong Lin , Shangkun Sun , Changhao Peng , Wei Gao

Predicting how a person's first-person view will evolve (what action will follow, what plan completes a task, whether an in-progress shot will score) is fundamentally under-specified: the same context admits many plausible futures, and a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Sejoon Jun , Hai Nguyen-Truong , Luigi Seminara , Lorenzo Torresani

Trajectory sampling in the Frenet(road-aligned) frame, is one of the most popular methods for motion planning of autonomous vehicles. It operates by sampling a set of behavioural inputs, such as lane offset and forward speed, before solving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jatan Shrestha , Simon Idoko , Basant Sharma , Arun Kumar Singh

Embodied navigation for long-horizon tasks, guided by complex natural language instructions, remains a formidable challenge in artificial intelligence. Existing agents often struggle with robust long-term planning about unseen environments,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Fei Liu , Shichao Xie , Minghua Luo , Zedong Chu , Junjun Hu , Xiaolong Wu , Mu Xu

Autonomous driving technology has seen significant advancements, but existing models often fail to fully capture the complexity of multi-agent environments, where interactions between dynamic agents are critical. To address this, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Liu Yunhao , Ding Hong , Zhang Ziming , Wang Huixin , Liu Jinzhao , Xi Suyang