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Learning competitive behaviors in multi-agent settings such as racing requires long-term reasoning about potential adversarial interactions. This paper presents Deep Latent Competition (DLC), a novel reinforcement learning algorithm that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Wilko Schwarting , Tim Seyde , Igor Gilitschenski , Lucas Liebenwein , Ryan Sander , Sertac Karaman , Daniela Rus

As agentic AI becomes more widespread, agents with distinct and possibly conflicting goals will interact in complex ways. These multi-agent interactions pose a fundamental challenge, particularly in social dilemmas, where agents' individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Dereck Piche , Mohammed Muqeeth , Milad Aghajohari , Juan Duque , Michael Noukhovitch , Aaron Courville

MOBA games, e.g., Dota2 and Honor of Kings, have been actively used as the testbed for the recent AI research on games, and various AI systems have been developed at the human level so far. However, these AI systems mainly focus on how to…

Dialogue agents that support human users in solving complex tasks have received much attention recently. Many such tasks are NP-hard optimization problems that require careful collaborative exploration of the solution space. We introduce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Isidora Jeknic , Alex Duchnowski , Alexander Koller

Developing autonomous agents that can strategize and cooperate with humans under information asymmetry is challenging without effective communication in natural language. We introduce a shared-control game, where two players collectively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Shenghui Chen , Daniel Fried , Ufuk Topcu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly utilized in AI-aided education to support tutoring and learning. Effective communication strategies among LLM agents improve collaborative problem-solving efficiency and facilitate…

Several recent works have found the emergence of grounded compositional language in the communication protocols developed by mostly cooperative multi-agent systems when learned end-to-end to maximize performance on a downstream task.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Paul Pu Liang , Jeffrey Chen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Louis-Philippe Morency , Satwik Kottur

In the future, artificial learning agents are likely to become increasingly widespread in our society. They will interact with both other learning agents and humans in a variety of complex settings including social dilemmas. We argue that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Tobias Baumann

As large language model (LLM) agents become more prevalent in real world social settings, social intelligence will play an increasingly critical role. But social intelligence is still a poorly defined construct, for humans and artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-13 David Shoresh , Sarit Kraus , Yonatan Loewenstein

The rapid rise of large language models (LLMs) has shifted artificial intelligence (AI) research toward agentic systems, motivating the use of weaker and more flexible notions of agency. However, this shift raises key questions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Vince Trencsenyi , Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis

The intuitive collaboration of humans and intelligent robots (embodied AI) in the real-world is an essential objective for many desirable applications of robotics. Whilst there is much research regarding explicit communication, we focus on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Ali Shafti , Jonas Tjomsland , William Dudley , A. Aldo Faisal

Automated testing of computer games is a challenging problem, especially when lengthy scenarios have to be tested. Automating such a scenario boils down to finding the right sequence of interactions given an abstract description of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Samira Shirzadeh-hajimahmood , I. S. W. B. Prasteya , Mehdi Dastani , Frank Dignum

While there has been significant progress in curriculum learning and continuous learning for training agents to generalize across a wide variety of environments in the context of single-agent reinforcement learning, it is unclear if these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Rupali Bhati , Sai Krishna Gottipati , Clodéric Mars , Matthew E. Taylor

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agent systems have made great strides in real-world applications beyond traditional NLP tasks. This paper proposes a new LLM-based Multi-Agent System (LLM-MAS) benchmark, Collab-Overcooked, built on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Haochen Sun , Shuwen Zhang , Lujie Niu , Lei Ren , Hao Xu , Hao Fu , Fangkun Zhao , Caixia Yuan , Xiaojie Wang

Recent superhuman results in games have largely been achieved in a variety of zero-sum settings, such as Go and Poker, in which agents need to compete against others. However, just like humans, real-world AI systems have to coordinate and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Adam Lerer , Hengyuan Hu , Jakob Foerster , Noam Brown

Diplomacy is one of the most sophisticated activities in human society, involving complex interactions among multiple parties that require skills in social reasoning, negotiation, and long-term strategic planning. Previous AI agents have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhenyu Guan , Xiangyu Kong , Fangwei Zhong , Yizhou Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly been utilized in social simulations, where they are often guided by carefully crafted instructions to stably exhibit human-like behaviors during simulations. Nevertheless, we doubt the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zengqing Wu , Run Peng , Shuyuan Zheng , Qianying Liu , Xu Han , Brian Inhyuk Kwon , Makoto Onizuka , Shaojie Tang , Chuan Xiao

LLM alignment has progressed in single-agent settings through paradigms such as RL with human feedback (RLHF), while recent work explores scalable alternatives such as RL with AI feedback (RLAIF) and dynamic alignment objectives. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Panatchakorn Anantaprayoon , Nataliia Babina , Nima Asgharbeygi , Jad Tarifi

Algorithmic collusion has emerged as a central question in AI: Will the interaction between different AI agents deployed in markets lead to collusion? More generally, understanding how emergent behavior, be it a cartel or market dominance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ziyi Wang , Carmine Ventre , Maria Polukarov

Coordination and cooperation between humans and autonomous agents in cooperative games raises interesting questions of human decision making and behaviour changes. Here we report our findings from a group formation game in a small-world…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-05-21 Tuomas Takko , Kunal Bhattacharya , Daniel Monsivais , Kimmo Kaski