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We study the reachability problem for affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS, which are integer vector addition systems with states in which transitions perform affine transformations on the counters. This problem is easily seen to be undecidable in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Michael Blondin , Christoph Haase , Filip Mazowiecki , Mikhail Raskin

We study a class of reachability problems in weighted graphs with constraints on the accumulated weight of paths. The problems we study can equivalently be formulated in the model of vector addition systems with states (VASS). We consider a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Shaull Almagor , Nathann Cohen , Guillermo A. Pérez , Mahsa Shirmohammadi , James Worrell

We consider a variant of VASS extended with integer counters, denoted VASS+Z. These are automata equipped with N and Z counters; the N-counters are required to remain nonnegative and the Z-counters do not have this restriction. We study the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Clotilde Bizière , Wojciech Czerwiński , Roland Guttenberg , Jérôme Leroux , Vincent Michielini , Łukasz Orlikowski , Antoni Puch , Henry Sinclair-Banks

We study pushdown vector addition systems, which are synchronized products of pushdown automata with vector addition systems. The question of the boundedness of the reachability set for this model can be refined into two decision problems…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-28 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre , Patrick Totzke

Multi-pushdown systems are a standard model for concurrent recursive programs, but they have an undecidable reachability problem. Therefore, there have been several proposals to underapproximate their sets of runs so that reachability in…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Aneesh K. Shetty , S. Krishna , Georg Zetzsche

We investigate the parameterised complexity of the classic coverability problem for vector addition systems (VAS): given a finite set of vectors $V \subseteq\mathbb{Z}^d$, an initial configuration $s\in\mathbb{N}^d$, and a target…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Michał Pilipczuk , Sylvain Schmitz , Henry Sinclair-Banks

This note is a product of digestion of the famous proof of decidability of the reachability problem for vector addition systems with states (VASS), as first established by Mayr in 1981 and then simplified by Kosaraju in 1982. The note is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Sławomir Lasota

A complete characterization of the complexity of the reachability problem for vector addition system has been open for a long time. The problem is shown to be Tower complete.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Yuxi Fu , Qizhe Yang

Higher-order pushdown systems (PDSs) generalise pushdown systems through the use of higher-order stacks, that is, a nested "stack of stacks" structure. These systems may be used to model higher-order programs and are closely related to the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Matthew Hague , C. -H. Luke Ong

Petri nets, also known as vector addition systems, are a long established model of concurrency with extensive applications in modelling and analysis of hardware, software and database systems, as well as chemical, biological and business…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-12 Wojciech Czerwinski , Slawomir Lasota , Ranko Lazic , Jerome Leroux , Filip Mazowiecki

Reachability problems in infinite-state systems are often subject to extremely high complexity. This motivates the investigation of efficient overapproximations, where we add transitions to obtain a system in which reachability can be…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Georg Zetzsche

Pushdown systems (PDSs) are a natural model for sequential programs, but they can fail to accurately represent the way an assembly stack actually operates. Indeed, one may want to access the part of the memory that is below the current…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Adrien Pommellet , Marcio Diaz , Tayssir Touili

Blondin et al. showed at LICS 2015 that two-dimensional vector addition systems with states have reachability witnesses of length exponential in the number of states and polynomial in the norm of vectors. The resulting guess-and-verify…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Matthias Englert , Ranko Lazić , Patrick Totzke

A vector addition system with states (VASS) consists of a finite set of states and counters. A transition changes the current state to the next state, and every counter is either incremented, or decremented, or left unchanged. A state and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Thomas A. Henzinger , Jan Otop

This paper is about reachability analysis in a restricted subclass of multi-pushdown automata. We assume that the control states of an automaton are partially ordered, and all transitions of an automaton go downwards with respect to the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Wojciech Czerwiński , Piotr Hofman , SŁawomir Lasota

We consider the model of pushdown vector addition systems with resets. These consist of vector addition systems that have access to a pushdown stack and have instructions to reset counters. For this model, we study the coverability problem.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Sylvain Schmitz , Georg Zetzsche

We consider the problems of language inclusion and language equivalence for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS) with the acceptance condition defined by the set of accepting states (and more generally by some upward-closed…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wojciech Czerwiński , Piotr Hofman

Coverability in Petri nets finds applications in verification of safety properties of reactive systems. We study coverability in the equivalent model: Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS). A k-VASS can be seen as k counters and a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Filip Mazowiecki , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki

Petri nets, equivalently presentable as vector addition systems with states, are an established model of concurrency with widespread applications. The reachability problem, where we ask whether from a given initial configuration there…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Sławomir Lasota

By adapting the iterative yardstick construction of Stockmeyer, we show that the reachability problem for vector addition systems with a stack does not have elementary complexity. As a corollary, the same lower bound holds for the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-08 Ranko Lazic