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Latent world models allow agents to reason about complex environments with high-dimensional observations. However, adapting to new environments and effectively leveraging previous knowledge remain significant challenges. We present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Anson Lei , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ingmar Posner

Inferring causal relationships from observational data is crucial when experiments are costly or infeasible. Additive noise models (ANMs) enable unique directed acyclic graph (DAG) identification, but existing sample-efficient ANM methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Sujai Hiremath , Promit Ghosal , Kyra Gan

The discovery of causal relationships from observational data is very challenging. Many recent approaches rely on complexity or uncertainty concepts to impose constraints on probability distributions, aiming to identify specific classes of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-09 Aramayis Dallakyan , Yang Ni

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) learning is a central task in structure discovery and causal inference. Although the field has witnessed remarkable advances over the past few years, it remains statistically and computationally challenging to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-09 Ryan Thompson , Edwin V. Bonilla , Robert Kohn

We consider linear structural equation models with explicitly modelled latent variables. In such models, observed and latent variables solve linear equations including stochastic noise terms. The goal of our work is to identify the direct…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-28 Tom Hochsprung , Nils Sturma , Jakob Runge , Mathias Drton , Andreas Gerhardus

Learning representations purely from observations concerns the problem of learning a low-dimensional, compact representation which is beneficial to prediction models. Under the hypothesis that the intrinsic latent factors follow some casual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Mengyue Yang , Xinyu Cai , Furui Liu , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

This paper concerns the assessment of direct causal effects from a combination of: (i) non-experimental data, and (ii) qualitative domain knowledge. Domain knowledge is encoded in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG), in which all…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Carlos Brito , Judea Pearl

Identifiable causal representation learning seeks to uncover the true causal relationships underlying a data generation process. In medical imaging, this presents opportunities to improve the generalisability and robustness of task-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Rajat Rasal , Avinash Kori , Ben Glocker

In the estimation of causal effects, one common method for removing the influence of confounders is to adjust the variables that satisfy the back-door criterion. However, it is not always possible to uniquely determine sets of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Atsushi Noda , Takashi Isozaki

We consider recovering causal structure from multivariate observational data. We assume the data arise from a linear structural equation model (SEM) in which the idiosyncratic errors are allowed to be dependent in order to capture possible…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-11 Y. Samuel Wang , Mathias Drton

Quantifying causal effects of exposures on outcomes, such as a treatment and a disease respectively, is a crucial issue in medical science for the administration of effective therapies. Importantly, any related causal analysis should…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-04 Federico Castelletti , Laura Ferrini

Unobserved confounding is one of the greatest challenges for causal discovery. The case in which unobserved variables have a widespread effect on many of the observed ones is particularly difficult because most pairs of variables are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-26 Alexis Bellot , Mihaela van der Schaar

Discovering causal structure among a set of variables is a fundamental problem in many empirical sciences. Traditional score-based casual discovery methods rely on various local heuristics to search for a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Shengyu Zhu , Ignavier Ng , Zhitang Chen

Real causal processes may contain feedback loops and change over time. In this paper, we model cycles and non-stationary distributions using a mixture of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). We then study the conditional independence (CI)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-09-16 Eric V. Strobl

This paper introduces a new framework for recovering causal graphs from observational data, leveraging the observation that the distribution of an effect, conditioned on its causes, remains invariant to changes in the prior distribution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nang Hung Nguyen , Phi Le Nguyen , Thao Nguyen Truong , Trong Nghia Hoang , Masashi Sugiyama

In real-world scenarios, the application of reinforcement learning is significantly challenged by complex non-stationarity. Most existing methods attempt to model changes in the environment explicitly, often requiring impractical prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Wanpeng Zhang , Yilin Li , Boyu Yang , Zongqing Lu

Visual representations underlie object recognition tasks, but they often contain both robust and non-robust features. Our main observation is that image classifiers may perform poorly on out-of-distribution samples because spurious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Chengzhi Mao , Kevin Xia , James Wang , Hao Wang , Junfeng Yang , Elias Bareinboim , Carl Vondrick

Several causal discovery algorithms have been proposed. However, when the sample size is small relative to the number of variables, the accuracy of estimating causal graphs using existing methods decreases. And some methods are not feasible…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-06 Ming Cai , Hisayuki Hara

We establish a new framework for statistical estimation of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) when data are generated from a linear, possibly non-Gaussian structural equation model. Our framework consists of two parts: (1) inferring the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-11-15 Po-Ling Loh , Peter Bühlmann

Complex adaptive agents consistently achieve their goals by solving problems that seem to require an understanding of causal information, information pertaining to the causal relationships that exist among elements of combined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Filippo Torresan , Manuel Baltieri