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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a popular technique to enhance the reliability of machine learning models by identifying unexpected inputs from unknown classes. Recent progress in pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuanwei Hu , Bo Peng , Yadan Luo , Zhen Fang , Ling Chen , Jie Lu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples that do not fall into any training in-distribution (ID) classes. Prior efforts focus on regularizing models with ID data only, largely underperforming counterparts that utilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Puning Yang , Jian Liang , Jie Cao , Ran He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has received much attention lately due to its importance in the safe deployment of neural networks. One of the key challenges is that models lack supervision signals from unknown data, and as a result,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Xuefeng Du , Zhaoning Wang , Mu Cai , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Data outside the problem domain poses significant threats to the security of AI-based intelligent systems. Aiming to investigate the data domain and out-of-distribution (OOD) data in AI quality management (AIQM) study, this paper proposes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Tinghui Ouyang , Isao Echizen , Yoshiki Seo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important building block in trustworthy image recognition systems as unknown classes may arise at test-time. OOD detection methods typically revolve around a single classifier, leading to a split in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Galadrielle Humblot-Renaux , Gianni Franchi , Sergio Escalera , Thomas B. Moeslund

Using unlabeled wild data containing both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data to improve the safety and reliability of models has recently received increasing attention. Existing methods either design customized losses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chuanxing Geng , Qifei Li , Xinrui Wang , Dong Liang , Songcan Chen , Pong C. Yuen

Detecting deepfakes has become a critical challenge in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Despite significant progress in detection techniques, generalizing them to open-set scenarios continues to be a persistent difficulty.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Luca Maiano , Fabrizio Casadei , Irene Amerini

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for deploying machine learning models in the real world, where test data from shifted distributions can naturally arise. While a plethora of algorithmic approaches have recently emerged for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Peyman Morteza , Yixuan Li

While Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has been well explored in computer vision, there have been relatively few prior attempts in OOD detection for NLP classification. In this paper we argue that these prior attempts do not fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Mrinal Rawat , Ramya Hebbalaguppe , Lovekesh Vig

A serious problem in image classification is that a trained model might perform well for input data that originates from the same distribution as the data available for model training, but performs much worse for out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Rajat Koner , Poulami Sinhamahapatra , Karsten Roscher , Stephan Günnemann , Volker Tresp

Since the seminal paper of Hendrycks et al. arXiv:1610.02136, Post-hoc deep Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has expanded rapidly. As a result, practitioners working on safety-critical applications and seeking to improve the robustness…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Paul Novello , Yannick Prudent , Joseba Dalmau , Corentin Friedrich , Yann Pequignot

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the task of identifying inputs that deviate from the training data distribution. This capability is essential for safely deploying deep computer vision models in open-world environments. In this work,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Wenxi Chen , Raymond A. Yeh , Shaoshuai Mou , Yan Gu

Identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) data at inference time is crucial for many machine learning applications, especially for automation. We present a novel unsupervised semi-parametric framework COMBOOD for OOD detection with respect to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Magesh Rajasekaran , Md Saiful Islam Sajol , Frej Berglind , Supratik Mukhopadhyay , Kamalika Das

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for the reliable operation of open-world intelligent systems. Despite the emergence of an increasing number of OOD detection methods, the evaluation inconsistencies present challenges for…

The ability of the deep learning model to recognize when a sample falls outside its learned distribution is critical for safe and reliable deployment. Recent state-of-the-art out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods leverage activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Sudarshan Regmi

Deep neural networks achieve superior performance in challenging tasks such as image classification. However, deep classifiers tend to incorrectly classify out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, which are inputs that do not belong to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay , Taylor Denounden , Sachin Vernekar , Buu Phan

Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-26 Daria Frolova , Anton Vasiliuk , Mikhail Belyaev , Boris Shirokikh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a vital role in enhancing the reliability of machine learning (ML) models. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift within the ML community, showcasing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Bo Liu , Liming Zhan , Zexin Lu , Yujie Feng , Lei Xue , Xiao-Ming Wu