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Contemporary autoregressive transformers operate in open loop: each hidden state is computed in a single forward pass and never revised, causing errors to propagate uncorrected through the sequence. We identify this open-loop bottleneck as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Akbar Anbar Jafari , Gholamreza Anbarjafari

Living organisms interact with their surroundings in a closed-loop fashion, where sensory inputs dictate the initiation and termination of behaviours. Even simple animals are able to develop and execute complex plans, which has not yet been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Giulia Lafratta , Bernd Porr , Christopher Chandler , Alice Miller

Autonomous agents can adapt their behaviour to changing environments, but remain bound to requirements, goals, and capabilities fixed at design time, preventing genuine software evolution. This paper introduces self-evolving software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Marco Robol , Paolo Giorgini

From social networks to traffic routing, artificial learning agents are playing a central role in modern institutions. We must therefore understand how to leverage these systems to foster outcomes and behaviors that align with our own…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Jan Balaguer , Raphael Koster , Christopher Summerfield , Andrea Tacchetti

Large language model agents often exhibit complementary strengths, making routing a promising approach for multi-agent question answering. However, existing routing methods remain limited in two important ways: they typically optimize over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jiatan Huang , Zheyuan Zhang , Kaiwen Shi , Yanfang Ye , Chuxu Zhang

The ability to autonomously explore and resolve tasks with minimal human guidance is crucial for the self-development of embodied intelligence. Although reinforcement learning methods can largely ease human effort, it's challenging to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Changxin Huang , Yanbin Chang , Junfan Lin , Junyang Liang , Runhao Zeng , Jianqiang Li

This paper presents a benchmark self-evolving framework to dynamically evaluate rapidly advancing Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming for a more accurate assessment of their capabilities and limitations. We utilize a multi-agent system to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Siyuan Wang , Zhuohan Long , Zhihao Fan , Zhongyu Wei , Xuanjing Huang

Although multi-agent reinforcement learning can tackle systems of strategically interacting entities, it currently fails in scalability and lacks rigorous convergence guarantees. Crucially, learning in multi-agent systems can become…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-03-15 David Mguni , Joel Jennings , Enrique Munoz de Cote

Effective cross-functional coordination is essential for enhancing firm-wide profitability, particularly in the face of growing organizational complexity and scale. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, especially in reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jinyang Jiang , Jinhui Han , Yijie Peng , Ying Zhang

Automated decision systems increasingly rely on human oversight to ensure accuracy in uncertain cases. This paper presents a practical framework for optimizing such human-in-the-loop classification systems using a double-threshold policy.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Goran Muric , Steven Minton

Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to significantly enhance human productivity by reasoning, using tools, and executing complex tasks in diverse environments. However, current approaches to…

Mathematical optimization is one of the cornerstones of modern engineering research and practice. Yet, throughout all application domains, mathematical optimization is, for the most part, considered to be a numerical discipline.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-09 Adrian Hauswirth , Zhiyu He , Saverio Bolognani , Gabriela Hug , Florian Dörfler

Static "human data" faces inherent limitations: it is expensive to scale and bounded by the knowledge of its creators. Continuous learning from "experience data" - interactions between agents and their environments - promises to transcend…

Flocking is a very challenging problem in a multi-agent system; traditional flocking methods also require complete knowledge of the environment and a precise model for control. In this paper, we propose Evolutionary Multi-Agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Yunxiao Guo , Xinjia Xie , Runhao Zhao , Chenglan Zhu , Jiangting Yin , Han Long

This position paper argues that optimization problem solving can transition from expert-dependent to evolutionary agentic workflows. Traditional optimization practices rely on human specialists for problem formulation, algorithm selection,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-08 Wenhao Li , Bo Jin , Mingyi Hong , Changhong Lu , Xiangfeng Wang

Motion planning and control are two core components of the robotic systems autonomy stack. The standard approach to combine these methodologies comprises an offline/open-loop stage, planning, that designs a feasible and safe trajectory to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-23 Tianqi Zheng , John W. Simpson-Porco , Enrique Mallada

The Agentic Service Ecosystem consists of heterogeneous autonomous agents (e.g., intelligent machines, humans, and human-machine hybrid systems) that interact through resource exchange and service co-creation. These agents, with distinct…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xuwen Zhang , Xiao Xue , Xia Xie , Qun Ma , Xiangning Yu , Deyu Zhou , Yifan Wang , Ming Zhang

Evolutionary multi-agent systems (EMASs) are very good at dealing with difficult, multi-dimensional problems, their efficacy was proven theoretically based on analysis of the relevant Markov-Chain based model. Now the research continues on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Mateusz Godzik , Jacek Dajda , Marek Kisiel-Dorohinicki , Aleksander Byrski , Leszek Rutkowski , Patryk Orzechowski , Joost Wagenaar , Jason H. Moore

Evolutionary optimization is a generic population-based metaheuristic that can be adapted to solve a wide variety of optimization problems and has proven very effective for combinatorial optimization problems. However, the potential of this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Saaduddin Mahmud , Moumita Choudhury , Md. Mosaddek Khan , Long Tran-Thanh , Nicholas R. Jennings