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Recent advancements in the field of reasoning using Large Language Models (LLMs) have created new possibilities for more complex and automatic Hardware Assertion Generation techniques. This paper introduces SANGAM, a SystemVerilog Assertion…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Adarsh Gupta , Bhabesh Mali , Chandan Karfa

Modern SoC design relies on the ability to separately verify IP blocks relative to their own specifications. Formal verification (FV) using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) is an effective method to exhaustively verify blocks at unit-level.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Marcelo Orenes-Vera , Aninda Manocha , David Wentzlaff , Margaret Martonosi

Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is critical for ensuring functional correctness in modern hardware systems. However, manually writing high-quality SVAs remains labor-intensive and error-prone. To bridge this gap, we propose AssertCoder,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Enyuan Tian , Yiwei Ci , Qiusong Yang , Yufeng Li , Zhichao Lyu

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao

Verification using SystemVerilog assertions (SVA) is one of the most popular methods for detecting circuit design vulnerabilities. However, with the globalization of integrated circuit design and the continuous upgrading of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Rui Guo , Avinash Ayalasomayajula , Henian Li , Jingbo Zhou , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi

We present a novel approach to automated proof generation for the TLA+ Proof System (TLAPS) using Large Language Models (LLMs). Our method combines two key components: a sub-proof obligation generation phase that breaks down complex proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yuhao Zhou

Formal specifications of on-chip communication protocols are crucial for system-on-chip (SoC) design and verification. However, manually constructing these formal specifications from informal documents remains a tedious and error-prone…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Yu-An Shih , Annie Lin , Aarti Gupta , Sharad Malik

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for generating RTL code. However, producing error-free RTL code in a zero-shot setting remains highly challenging for even state-of-the-art LLMs, often leading to issues that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

The remarkable reasoning and code generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have recently motivated increasing interest in automating formal verification (FV), a process that ensures hardware correctness through mathematically…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Lily Jiaxin Wan , Chia-Tung Ho , Yunsheng Bai , Cunxi Yu , Deming Chen , Haoxing Ren

Verification is one of the central tasks in circuit and system design. While simulation and emulation are widely used, complete correctness can only be ensured based on formal proof techniques. But these approaches often have very high run…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Rolf Drechsler

In this paper, we focus on automating two of the widely used Verification and Validation (V&V) activities in the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC): Software testing and software inspection (also known as review). Concerning the former,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zoe Fingleton , Nazanin Siavash , Armin Moin

LLMs can generate SystemVerilog assertions (SVAs) from natural language specs, but single-pass outputs often lack functional coverage due to limited IC design understanding. We propose CoverAssert, an iterative framework that clusters…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yonghao Wang , Yang Yin , Hongqin Lyu , Jiaxin Zhou , Zhiteng Chao , Mingyu Shi , Wenchao Ding , Yunlin Du , Jing Ye , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

The remarkable reasoning and code generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have spurred significant interest in applying LLMs to enable task automation in digital chip design. In particular, recent work has investigated early…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Minwoo Kang , Mingjie Liu , Ghaith Bany Hamad , Syed Suhaib , Haoxing Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automated code generation but frequently produce code that fails formal verification, an essential requirement for hardware and safety-critical domains. To overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Manvi Jha , Jiaxin Wan , Deming Chen

LLMs have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in automatic RTL code generation, achieving high syntactic and functional correctness. However, most methods focus on functional correctness while overlooking critical physical design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yaoxiang Wang , Qi Shi , ShangZhan Li , Qingguo Hu , Xinyu Yin , Bo Guo , Xu Han , Maosong Sun , Jinsong Su

In the past few years LLMs have emerged as a tool that can aid programmers by taking natural language descriptions and generating code based on it. However, the reliability of LLM code generation and current validation techniques for it are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Aaron Councilman , David Jiahao Fu , Aryan Gupta , Chengxiao Wang , David Grove , Yu-Xiong Wang , Vikram Adve

Ensuring the security of modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs poses significant challenges due to increasing complexity and distributed assets across the intellectual property (IP) blocks. Formal property verification (FPV) provides the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Dinesh Reddy Ankireddy , Sudipta Paria , Aritra Dasgupta , Sandip Ray , Swarup Bhunia

The security of computer systems typically relies on a hardware root of trust. As vulnerabilities in hardware can have severe implications on a system, there is a need for techniques to support security verification activities.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Rahul Kande , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Shailja Thakur , Ramesh Karri , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

Hardware verification is crucial in modern SoC design, consuming around 70% of development time. SystemVerilog assertions ensure correct functionality. However, existing industrial practices rely on manual efforts for assertion generation,…

Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is a crucial method for ensuring that logic designs conform to their architectural specifications. However, existing assertion generation methods primarily rely on information either from the design…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Hongqin Lyu , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li