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There are increasing concerns about malicious attacks on autonomous vehicles. In particular, inaudible voice command attacks pose a significant threat as voice commands become available in autonomous driving systems. How to empirically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Jiwei Guan , Lei Pan , Chen Wang , Shui Yu , Longxiang Gao , Xi Zheng

Multi-modal fusion is a fundamental task for the perception of an autonomous driving system, which has recently intrigued many researchers. However, achieving a rather good performance is not an easy task due to the noisy raw data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Keli Huang , Botian Shi , Xiang Li , Xin Li , Siyuan Huang , Yikang Li

Multimodal sensor fusion has demonstrated remarkable performance improvements over unimodal approaches in 3D object detection for autonomous vehicles. Typically, existing methods transform multimodal data from independent sensors, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Markus Essl , Marta Moscati , Mubashir Noman , Muhammad Zaigham Zaheer , Usman Naseem , Shah Nawaz , Markus Schedl

LiDAR point clouds have become the most common data source in autonomous driving. However, due to the sparsity of point clouds, accurate and reliable detection cannot be achieved in specific scenarios. Because of their complementarity with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Leichao Cui , Xiuxian Li , Min Meng , Xiaoyu Mo

3D vehicle detection based on multi-modal fusion is an important task of many applications such as autonomous driving. Although significant progress has been made, we still observe two aspects that need to be further improvement: First, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Zehan Zhang , Ming Zhang , Zhidong Liang , Xian Zhao , Ming Yang , Wenming Tan , ShiLiang Pu

By using various sensors to measure the surroundings and sharing local sensor information with the surrounding vehicles through wireless networks, connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are expected to increase safety, efficiency, and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-02 Tianci Yang , Chen Lv

Infrastructure-based sensing and real-time trajectory generation show promise for improving safety in high-risk roadway segments such as work zones, yet practical deployments are hindered by perspective distortion, complex geometry,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Suhala Rabab Saba , Sakib Khan , Minhaj Uddin Ahmad , Jiahe Cao , Mizanur Rahman , Li Zhao , Nathan Huynh , Eren Erman Ozguven

Accurate and robust 3D object detection is essential for autonomous driving, where fusing data from sensors like LiDAR and camera enhances detection accuracy. However, sensor malfunctions such as corruption or disconnection can degrade…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Reza Sadeghian , Niloofar Hooshyaripour , Chris Joslin , WonSook Lee

The combination of LiDAR and camera modalities is proven to be necessary and typical for 3D object detection according to recent studies. Existing fusion strategies tend to overly rely on the LiDAR modal in essence, which exploits the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Yang Yang , Weijie Ma , Hao Chen , Linlin Ou , Xinyi Yu

Multimodal visual information fusion aims to integrate the multi-sensor data into a single image which contains more complementary information and less redundant features. However the complementary information is hard to extract, especially…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Hui Li , Xiao-Jun Wu

Accurate 3D object detection for autonomous driving requires complementary sensors. Cameras provide dense semantics but unreliable depth, while millimeter-wave radar offers precise range and velocity measurements with sparse geometry. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Mayank Mayank , Bharanidhar Duraisamy , Florian Geiß , Abhinav Valada

As one of the automotive sensors that have emerged in recent years, 4D millimeter-wave radar has a higher resolution than conventional 3D radar and provides precise elevation measurements. But its point clouds are still sparse and noisy,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Hongsi Liu , Jun Liu , Guangfeng Jiang , Xin Jin

LiDAR-camera fusion is one of the core processes for the perception system of current automated driving systems. The typical sensor fusion process includes a list of coordinate transformation operations following system calibration.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Dan Shen , Zhengming Zhang , Renran Tian , Yaobin Chen , Rini Sherony

End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed remarkable progress. However, the extensive deployment of autonomous vehicles has yet to be realized, primarily due to 1) inefficient multi-modal environment perception: how to integrate data from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Dongyang Xu , Haokun Li , Qingfan Wang , Ziying Song , Lei Chen , Hanming Deng

Fusing LiDAR and camera information is essential for achieving accurate and reliable 3D object detection in autonomous driving systems. This is challenging due to the difficulty of combining multi-granularity geometric and semantic features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Yang Jiao , Zequn Jie , Shaoxiang Chen , Jingjing Chen , Lin Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang

Multi-sensor fusion is essential for accurate 3D object detection in self-driving systems. Camera and LiDAR are the most commonly used sensors, and usually, their fusion happens at the early or late stages of 3D detectors with the help of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Javed Ahmad , Alessio Del Bue

Most autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on LiDAR and RGB camera sensors for perception. Using these point cloud and image data, perception models based on deep neural nets (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in 3D detection. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Mazen Abdelfattah , Kaiwen Yuan , Z. Jane Wang , Rabab Ward

Autonomous driving demands accurate perception and safe decision-making. To achieve this, automated vehicles are now equipped with multiple sensors (e.g., camera, Lidar, etc.), enabling them to exploit complementary environmental context by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xiaoming Zeng , Zhendong Wang , Yang Hu

Autonomous vehicles rely on LiDAR based perception to support safety critical control functions such as adaptive cruise control and automatic emergency braking. While previous research has shown that LiDAR perception can be manipulated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Daniyal Ganiuly , Nurzhau Bolatbek , Assel Smaiyl

In recent years, multi-modal fusion has attracted a lot of research interest, both in academia, and in industry. Multimodal fusion entails the combination of information from a set of different types of sensors. Exploiting complementary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Siddharth Roheda , Hamid Krim , Benjamin S. Riggan