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Grokking, a phenomenon where machine learning models generalize long after overfitting, has been primarily observed and studied in algorithmic tasks. This paper explores grokking in real-world datasets using deep neural networks for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Satvik Golechha

Given a pair of models with similar training set performance, it is natural to assume that the model that possesses simpler internal representations would exhibit better generalization. In this work, we provide empirical evidence for this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Bradley C. A. Brown , Jordan Juravsky , Anthony L. Caterini , Gabriel Loaiza-Ganem

Grokking, the unusual phenomenon for algorithmic datasets where generalization happens long after overfitting the training data, has remained elusive. We aim to understand grokking by analyzing the loss landscapes of neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Ziming Liu , Eric J. Michaud , Max Tegmark

Neural networks often exhibit emergent behavior, where qualitatively new capabilities arise from scaling up the amount of parameters, training data, or training steps. One approach to understanding emergence is to find continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Neel Nanda , Lawrence Chan , Tom Lieberum , Jess Smith , Jacob Steinhardt

Grokking, the sudden generalization that occurs after prolonged overfitting, is a surprising phenomenon challenging our understanding of deep learning. Although significant progress has been made in understanding grokking, the reasons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lucas Prieto , Melih Barsbey , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Tolga Birdal

We demonstrate the existence of a complexity phase transition in neural networks by studying the grokking phenomenon, where networks suddenly transition from memorization to generalization long after overfitting their training data. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Branton DeMoss , Silvia Sapora , Jakob Foerster , Nick Hawes , Ingmar Posner

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) have emerged as a powerful tool for geometric representation, yet their suitability for physics-based simulation remains underexplored. While metrics like Hausdorff distance quantify surface…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Samundra Karki , Adarsh Krishnamurthy , Baskar Ganapathysubramanian

Meta-learning that uses implicit gradient have provided an exciting alternative to standard techniques which depend on the trajectory of the inner loop training. Implicit meta-learning (IML), however, require computing $2^{nd}$ order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Fady Rezk

In grokking, a model first fits the training data while test accuracy remains low, and only later begins to generalize. We ask whether this transition can be localized from observed training trajectories before the test accuracy rises, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ziyue Wang , Yufeng Ying , Takafumi Kanamori

A key property of deep neural networks (DNNs) is their ability to learn new features during training. This intriguing aspect of deep learning stands out most clearly in recently reported Grokking phenomena. While mainly reflected as a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-07 Noa Rubin , Inbar Seroussi , Zohar Ringel

Grokking-delayed generalization that emerges well after a model has fit the training data-has been linked to robustness and representation quality. We ask whether this training regime also helps with machine unlearning, i.e., removing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Yuanbang Liang , Yang Li

In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of grokking, where models exhibit delayed generalization following overfitting on training data. We focus on data-scarce regimes where the number of training samples falls below the critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Vaibhav Singh , Eugene Belilovsky , Rahaf Aljundi

Recently, an interesting phenomenon called grokking has gained much attention, where generalization occurs long after the models have initially overfitted the training data. We try to understand this seemingly strange phenomenon through the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Zhiquan Tan , Weiran Huang

A key challenge for the machine learning community is to understand and accelerate the training dynamics of deep networks that lead to delayed generalisation and emergent robustness to input perturbations, also known as grokking. Prior work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Thomas Walker , Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

We propose a novel one-step supervised imitation learning (IL) framework called Adversarial Density Regression (ADR). This IL framework aims to correct the policy learned on unknown-quality to match the expert distribution by utilizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ziqi Zhang , Zifeng Zhuang , Jingzehua Xu , Yiyuan Yang , Yubo Huang , Donglin Wang , Shuai Zhang

Training dynamics during grokking concentrate along a small number of dominant update directions -- the spectral edge -- which reliably distinguishes grokking from non-grokking regimes. We show that standard mechanistic interpretability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yongzhong Xu

Grokking, the abrupt transition from memorization to generalisation after extended training, suggests the presence of competing solution basins with distinct statistical properties. We study this phenomenon through the lens of Singular…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Ben Cullen , Sergio Estan-Ruiz , Riya Danait , Jiayi Li

We propose that learning in deep neural networks proceeds in two phases: a rapid curve fitting phase followed by a slower compression or coarse graining phase. This view is supported by the shared temporal structure of three phenomena:…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-07-28 Robert de Mello Koch , Animik Ghosh

The optimization algorithms are crucial in training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), as unsuitable methods may lead to poor solutions. Compared to the common gradient descent (GD) algorithm, implicit gradient descent (IGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Xianliang Xu , Ting Du , Wang Kong , Bin Shan , Ye Li , Zhongyi Huang

In this paper we investigate the generalization error of gradient descent (GD) applied to an $\ell_2$-regularized OLS objective function in the linear model. Based on our analysis we develop new methodology for computationally tractable and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Thomas Stark , Lukas Steinberger