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Confidence calibration, the alignment of a model's predicted confidence with its actual accuracy, is crucial for the reliable deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, this critical property remains largely under-explored in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ej Zhou , Caiqi Zhang , Tiancheng Hu , Chengzu Li , Nigel Collier , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various natural language processing tasks. However, achieving strong performance in specialized domains like mathematical reasoning and non-English languages often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Huy Hoang Ha

Training effective multilingual embedding models presents unique challenges due to the diversity of languages and task objectives. Although small multilingual models (<1 B parameters) perform well on multilingual tasks generally, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Lifu Tu , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Multilingual language models have shown decent performance in multilingual and cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, the power of these multilingual models in code-switching tasks has not been fully explored. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Zihan Liu , Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

Data quality is a critical driver of large language model performance, yet existing model-based selection methods focus almost exclusively on English. We introduce MuRating, a scalable framework that transfers high-quality English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zhixun Chen , Ping Guo , Wenhan Han , Yifan Zhang , Binbin Liu , Haobin Lin , Fengze Liu , Yan Zhao , Bingni Zhang , Taifeng Wang , Yin Zheng , Trevor Cohn , Meng Fang

Traditionally, success in multilingual machine translation can be attributed to three key factors in training data: large volume, diverse translation directions, and high quality. In the current practice of fine-tuning large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Dawei Zhu , Pinzhen Chen , Miaoran Zhang , Barry Haddow , Xiaoyu Shen , Dietrich Klakow

Despite their remarkable ability to capture linguistic nuances across diverse languages, questions persist regarding the degree of alignment between languages in multilingual embeddings. Drawing inspiration from research on high-dimensional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Basel Mousi , Nadir Durrani , Fahim Dalvi , Majd Hawasly , Ahmed Abdelali

In this work, we provide a systematic and comprehensive empirical comparison of pretrained multilingual language models versus their monolingual counterparts with regard to their monolingual task performance. We study a set of nine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Phillip Rust , Jonas Pfeiffer , Ivan Vulić , Sebastian Ruder , Iryna Gurevych

Development of language proficiency models for non-native learners has been an active area of interest in NLP research for the past few years. Although language proficiency is multidimensional in nature, existing research typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Taraka Rama , Sowmya Vajjala

Most current large language models (LLMs) support a wide variety of languages in addition to English, including high-resource languages (e.g. German, Chinese, French), as well as low-resource ones (e.g. Swahili, Telugu). In addition they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jan-Thorsten Peter , David Vilar , Tobias Domhan , Dan Malkin , Markus Freitag

The opacity in developing large language models (LLMs) is raising growing concerns about the potential contamination of public benchmarks in the pre-training data. Existing contamination detection methods are typically based on the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Feng Yao , Yufan Zhuang , Zihao Sun , Sunan Xu , Animesh Kumar , Jingbo Shang

The composition of pre-training datasets for large language models (LLMs) remains largely undisclosed, hindering transparency and efforts to optimize data quality, a critical driver of model performance. Current data selection methods, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xinlin Zhuang , Jiahui Peng , Ren Ma , Yinfan Wang , Tianyi Bai , Xingjian Wei , Jiantao Qiu , Chi Zhang , Ying Qian , Conghui He

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong machine translation capabilities on languages they are trained on. However, the impact of factors beyond training data size on translation performance remains a topic of debate, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Ryandito Diandaru , Lucky Susanto , Zilu Tang , Ayu Purwarianti , Derry Wijaya

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been adopted and deployed worldwide for a broad variety of applications. However, ensuring their safe use remains a significant challenge. Preference training and safety measures often overfit to harms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Aakanksha , Arash Ahmadian , Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

A multilingual tokenizer is a fundamental component of multilingual neural machine translation. It is trained from a multilingual corpus. Since a skewed data distribution is considered to be harmful, a sampling strategy is usually used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Shiyue Zhang , Vishrav Chaudhary , Naman Goyal , James Cross , Guillaume Wenzek , Mohit Bansal , Francisco Guzman

Recent research has highlighted the importance of dataset size in scaling language models. However, large language models (LLMs) are notoriously token-hungry during pre-training, and high-quality text data on the web is approaching its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fuzhao Xue , Yao Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zangwei Zheng , Yang You

English pretrained language models, which make up the backbone of many modern NLP systems, require huge amounts of unlabeled training data. These models are generally presented as being trained only on English text but have been found to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Terra Blevins , Luke Zettlemoyer

While pretrained language models (PLMs) primarily serve as general-purpose text encoders that can be fine-tuned for a wide variety of downstream tasks, recent work has shown that they can also be rewired to produce high-quality word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Tommaso Green , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Goran Glavaš

Spoken Language Models (SLMs) aim to learn linguistic competence directly from speech using discrete units, widening access to Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies for languages with limited written resources. However, progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Adel Moumen , Guangzhi Sun , Philip C. Woodland

The adaption of multilingual pre-trained LLMs into eloquent and helpful assistants is essential to facilitate their use across different language regions. In that spirit, we are the first to conduct an extensive study of the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Alexander Arno Weber , Klaudia Thellmann , Jan Ebert , Nicolas Flores-Herr , Jens Lehmann , Michael Fromm , Mehdi Ali