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Answer verification is crucial not only for evaluating large language models (LLMs) by matching their unstructured outputs against standard answers, but also serves as the reward model to guide LLM optimization. Most evaluation frameworks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Shudong Liu , Hongwei Liu , Junnan Liu , Linchen Xiao , Songyang Gao , Chengqi Lyu , Yuzhe Gu , Wenwei Zhang , Derek F. Wong , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

This paper introduces CryptoBench, the first expert-curated, dynamic benchmark designed to rigorously evaluate the real-world capabilities of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in the uniquely demanding and fast-paced cryptocurrency domain.…

Evaluating progress in large language models (LLMs) is often constrained by the challenge of verifying responses, limiting assessments to tasks like mathematics, programming, and short-form question-answering. However, many real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Wang , Jaehun Jung , Ximing Lu , Shizhe Diao , Ellie Evans , Jiaqi Zeng , Pavlo Molchanov , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz , Yi Dong

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly capable of autonomously conducting cyberattacks, posing significant threats to existing applications. This growing risk highlights the urgent need for a real-world benchmark to evaluate the…

Cybersecurity spans multiple interconnected domains, complicating the development of meaningful, labor-relevant benchmarks. Existing benchmarks assess isolated skills rather than integrated performance. We find that pre-trained knowledge of…

The cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, driven by increased digitalization and new cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity programs often fail to equip graduates with skills demanded by the workforce, particularly concerning recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Arthur Nijdam , Harri Kähkönen , Valtteri Niemi , Paul Stankovski Wagner , Sara Ramezanian

Safety verification of dynamical systems via barrier certificates is essential for ensuring correctness in autonomous applications. Synthesizing these certificates involves discovering mathematical functions with current methods suffering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ali Taheri , Alireza Taban , Sadegh Soudjani , Ashutosh Trivedi

Large Language Model (LLM) has gained popularity and achieved remarkable results in open-domain tasks, but its performance in real industrial domain-specific scenarios is average due to its lack of specific domain knowledge. This issue has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Fangkai Yang , Pu Zhao , Zezhong Wang , Lu Wang , Jue Zhang , Mohit Garg , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, driving their adoption across a wide range of domains, including computer security. In reverse engineering, LLMs are increasingly applied to critical tasks such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jun Yeon Won , Xin Jin , Shiqing Ma , Zhiqiang Lin

Large Language Models (LLM) continue to demonstrate their utility in a variety of emergent capabilities in different fields. An area that could benefit from effective language understanding in cybersecurity is the analysis of log files.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Egil Karlsen , Xiao Luo , Nur Zincir-Heywood , Malcolm Heywood

Today's cyber defenders are overwhelmed by a deluge of security alerts, threat intelligence signals, and shifting business context, creating an urgent need for AI systems to enhance operational security work. While Large Language Models…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used across various domains, from software development to cyber threat intelligence. Understanding all the different fields of cybersecurity, which includes topics such as cryptography, reverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Norbert Tihanyi , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Ridhi Jain , Tamas Bisztray , Merouane Debbah

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) reports document observations of cyber threats, synthesizing evidence about adversaries' actions and intent into actionable knowledge that informs detection, response, and defense planning. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Haokai Ma , Javier Yong , Yunshan Ma , Kuei Chen , Anis Yusof , Zhenkai Liang , Ee-Chien Chang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language understanding and generation, leading to extensive benchmarking across diverse tasks. However, cryptanalysis - a critical area for data security and its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Utsav Maskey , Chencheng Zhu , Usman Naseem

The increasing complexity of computer science research projects demands more effective tools for deploying code repositories. Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Anthropic Claude and Meta Llama, have demonstrated significant advancements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yijia Xiao , Runhui Wang , Luyang Kong , Davor Golac , Wei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are a class of powerful and versatile models that are beneficial to many industries. With the emergence of LLMs, we take a fresh look at cyber security, specifically exploring and summarizing the potential of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Dinil Mon Divakaran , Sai Teja Peddinti

We present a new approach for benchmarking Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities on research-level mathematics. Existing benchmarks largely rely on static, hand-curated sets of contest or textbook-style problems as proxies for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Antoine Peyronnet , Fabian Gloeckle , Amaury Hayat

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to scientific reasoning, the complexity of answer formats and the diversity of equivalent expressions make answer verification a critical yet challenging task. Existing verification…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Shenghe Zheng , Chenyu Huang , Fangchen Yu , Junchi Yao , Jingqi Ye , Tao Chen , Yun Luo , Ning Ding , LEI BAI , Ganqu Cui , Peng Ye

As large language models (LLMs) develop increasingly sophisticated capabilities and find applications in medical settings, it becomes important to assess their medical safety due to their far-reaching implications for personal and public…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Tessa Han , Aounon Kumar , Chirag Agarwal , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Enhancing the ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow complex instructions is critical for their deployment in real-world applications. However, existing evaluation methods often oversimplify instruction complexity as a mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiaona Xue , Yiqiao Huang , Jiacheng Li , Yuanhang Zheng , Huiqi Miao , Yunfei Ma , Rui Liu , Xinbao Sun , Minglu Liu , Fanyu Meng , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng