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Recent advances in reinforcement learning have shown that language models can develop sophisticated reasoning through training on tasks with verifiable rewards, but these approaches depend on human-curated problem-answer pairs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Bo Liu , Leon Guertler , Simon Yu , Zichen Liu , Penghui Qi , Daniel Balcells , Mickel Liu , Cheston Tan , Weiyan Shi , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee , Natasha Jaques

Strategic reasoning enables agents to cooperate, communicate, and compete with other agents in diverse situations. Existing approaches to solving strategic games rely on extensive training, yielding strategies that do not generalize to new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Kanishk Gandhi , Dorsa Sadigh , Noah D. Goodman

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to comprehend, analyze, and solve complex problems. In this paper, we introduce TextGames, an innovative benchmark specifically crafted to assess LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Frederikus Hudi , Genta Indra Winata , Ruochen Zhang , Alham Fikri Aji

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in certain reasoning tasks, they struggle in multi-agent games where the final outcome depends on the joint strategies of all agents. In multi-agent games, the non-stationarity of other agents brings…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yidong He , Yutao Lai , Pengxu Yang , Jiarui Gan , Jiexin Wang , Yi Cai , Mengchen Zhao

As a contribution to the challenge of building game-playing AI systems, we develop and analyse a formal language for representing and reasoning about strategies. Our logical language builds on the existing general Game Description Language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-07-22 Dongmo Zhang , Michael Thielsher

The ability to continuously learn and adapt to new situations is one where humans are far superior compared to AI agents. We propose an approach to knowledge transfer using behavioural strategies as a form of transferable knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Archana Vadakattu , Michelle Blom , Adrian R. Pearce

The focus of this paper is to propose a driver model that incorporates human reasoning levels as actions during interactions with other drivers. Different from earlier work using game theoretical human reasoning levels, we propose a dynamic…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Cevahir Köprülü , Yıldıray Yıldız

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are integrated into critical real-world applications, their strategic and logical reasoning abilities are increasingly crucial. This paper evaluates LLMs' reasoning abilities in competitive environments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jinhao Duan , Renming Zhang , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Lichao Sun , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal , Tianlong Chen , Kaidi Xu

In the realm of evolutionary game theory, standard frameworks typically presuppose that every player possesses comprehensive knowledge and unrestricted access to the entire strategy space. However, real-world human society inherently…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Feipeng Zhang , Te Wu , Guofeng Zhang , Long Wang

Large language models excel on static benchmarks, but their ability as self-learning agents in dynamic environments remains unclear. We evaluate three prompting strategies: self-reflection, heuristic mutation, and planning across dynamic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Annie Wong , Thomas Bäck , Aske Plaat , Niki van Stein , Anna V. Kononova

Strategic decision-making involves interactive reasoning where agents adapt their choices in response to others, yet existing evaluations of large language models (LLMs) often emphasize Nash Equilibrium (NE) approximation, overlooking the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jingru Jia , Zehua Yuan , Junhao Pan , Paul E. McNamara , Deming Chen

Large language models can exhibit emergent reasoning behaviors, often manifested as recurring lexical patterns (e.g., "wait," indicating verification). However, complex reasoning trajectories remain sparse in unconstrained sampling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Po-Nien Kung , Zhen Yang , Jeffrey Luo , Cheng-Fu Yang , Haikang Deng , Zi-Yi Dou , Yinfei Yang , Nanyun Peng , Zhe Gan , Kai-Wei Chang

Differences in perception, information asymmetries, and bounded rationality lead game-theoretic players to derive a private, subjective view of the game that may diverge from the underlying ground-truth scenario and may be misaligned with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Vince Trencsenyi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable reasoning abilities in various tasks such as mathematics and coding. However, recent studies indicate that even the best models lack true comprehension of their reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pinzheng Wang , Juntao Li , Zecheng Tang , Haijia Gui , Min zhang

Large language models can score well on named game-theory benchmarks while failing on the same strategic computation once semantic cues are removed. We show this gap with procedurally generated zero-sum matrix games: a model that recognizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenhua Nie , Binhan Luo , Zijie Meng , Jyh-Shing Roger Jang , Ching-Wen Ma

Developing reasoning capabilities in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) remains challenging. Motivated by literature suggesting that gameplay promotes transferable reasoning skills, we propose a novel post-training method, Visual Game…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yunfei Xie , Yinsong Ma , Shiyi Lan , Alan Yuille , Junfei Xiao , Chen Wei

Referential games offer a grounded learning environment for neural agents which accounts for the fact that language is functionally used to communicate. However, they do not take into account a second constraint considered to be fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Gautier Dagan , Dieuwke Hupkes , Elia Bruni

Driven by recent successes in two-player, zero-sum game solving and playing, artificial intelligence work on games has increasingly focused on algorithms that produce equilibrium-based strategies. However, this approach has been less…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Dustin Morrill , Ryan D'Orazio , Reca Sarfati , Marc Lanctot , James R. Wright , Amy Greenwald , Michael Bowling

Humans rapidly learn abstract knowledge when encountering novel environments and flexibly deploy this knowledge to guide efficient and intelligent action. Can modern AI systems learn and plan in a similar way? We study this question using a…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous decision-makers in strategic settings, yet we have limited tools for understanding their high-level behavioral traits. We use activation steering methods in game-theoretic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Johnathan Sun , Andrew Zhang
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