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Humans can imagine and manipulate visual images mentally, a capability known as spatial visualization. While many multi-modal benchmarks assess reasoning on visible visual information, the ability to infer unseen relationships through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siting Wang , Minnan Pei , Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Yuchen Li , Kun Shao , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Spatio-temporal reasoning is a remarkable capability of Vision Language Models (VLMs), but the underlying mechanisms of such abilities remain largely opaque. We postulate that visual/geometrical and textual representations of spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Raphi Kang , Hongqiao Chen , Georgia Gkioxari , Pietro Perona

Existing evaluations of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on spatial intelligence are typically fragmented and limited in scope. In this work, we aim to conduct a holistic assessment of the spatial understanding capabilities of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haoning Wu , Xiao Huang , Yaohui Chen , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Weidi Xie

Spatial relation reasoning is a crucial task for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to understand the objective world. However, current benchmarks have issues like relying on bounding boxes, ignoring perspective substitutions, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jingping Liu , Ziyan Liu , Zhedong Cen , Yan Zhou , Yinan Zou , Weiyan Zhang , Haiyun Jiang , Tong Ruan

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

As spatial intelligence becomes an increasingly important capability for foundation models, it remains unclear whether large language models' (LLMs) performance on spatial reasoning benchmarks reflects structured internal spatial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jiyuan An , Liner Yang , Mengyan Wang , Luming Lu , Weihua An , Erhong Yang

Open-vocabulary 3D visual grounding aims to localize target objects based on free-form language queries, which is crucial for embodied AI applications such as autonomous navigation, robotics, and augmented reality. Learning 3D language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhenyang Liu , Sixiao Zheng , Siyu Chen , Cairong Zhao , Longfei Liang , Xiangyang Xue , Yanwei Fu

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have rapidly advanced in visual tasks, yet their spatial understanding remains limited to single images, leaving them ill-suited for physical-world applications that require multi-frame reasoning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Runsen Xu , Weiyao Wang , Hao Tang , Xingyu Chen , Xiaodong Wang , Fu-Jen Chu , Matt Feiszli , Kevin J. Liang

Visual Spatial Reasoning is crucial for enabling Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to understand object properties and spatial relationships, yet current models still struggle with 3D-aware reasoning. Existing approaches typically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Zefeng Zhang , Xiangzhao Hao , Hengzhu Tang , Zhenyu Zhang , Jiawei Sheng , Xiaodong Li , Zhenyang Li , Li Gao , Daiting Shi , Dawei Yin , Tingwen Liu

Humans naturally understand 3D spatial relationships, enabling complex reasoning like predicting collisions of vehicles from different directions. Current large multimodal models (LMMs), however, lack of this capability of 3D spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wufei Ma , Luoxin Ye , Celso M de Melo , Jieneng Chen , Alan Yuille

For human cognitive process, spatial reasoning and perception are closely entangled, yet the nature of this interplay remains underexplored in the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While recent MLLM advancements show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Huanyu Zhang , Qingtao Li , Zeyu Gao , Yan Xia , José Hernández-Orallo , Ivan Vulić , Furu Wei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have undergone rapid progress, largely attributed to reinforcement learning on complex reasoning tasks. In contrast, while spatial intelligence is fundamental for Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zijian Song , Xiaoxin Lin , Qiuming Huang , Sihan Qin , Guangrun Wang , Liang Lin

Reasoning segmentation aims to segment target objects in complex scenes based on human intent and spatial reasoning. While recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive 2D image reasoning segmentation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jiaxin Huang , Runnan Chen , Ziwen Li , Zhengqing Gao , Xiao He , Yandong Guo , Mingming Gong , Tongliang Liu

Current Large Language Models have achieved Olympiad-level logic, yet Vision-Language Models paradoxically falter on elementary spatial tasks like block counting. This capability mismatch reveals a critical ``spatial intelligence gap,''…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Shaoxiong Zhan , Yanlin Lai , Zheng Liu , Hai Lin , Shen Li , Xiaodong Cai , Zijian Lin , Wen Huang , Hai-Tao Zheng

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown strong performance on static visual understanding, yet they still struggle with dynamic spatial reasoning that requires imagining how scenes evolve under egocentric motion. Recent efforts address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Wanyue Zhang , Wenxiang Wu , Wang Xu , Jiaxin Luo , Helu Zhi , Yibin Huang , Shuo Ren , Zitao Liu , Jiajun Zhang

Remote sensing imagery presents vast, inherently unstructured spatial data, necessitating sophisticated reasoning to interpret complex user intents and contextual relationships beyond simple recognition tasks. In this paper, we aim to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Liang Yao , Fan Liu , Hongbo Lu , Chuanyi Zhang , Rui Min , Shengxiang Xu , Shimin Di , Pai Peng

The Multi-Modal Large Language Model (MLLM) refers to an extension of the Large Language Model (LLM) equipped with the capability to receive and infer multi-modal data. Spatial awareness stands as one of the crucial abilities of MLLM,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Yongqiang Zhao , Zhenyu Li , Zhi Jin , Feng Zhang , Haiyan Zhao , Chengfeng Dou , Zhengwei Tao , Xinhai Xu , Donghong Liu

People with blindness and low vision (pBLV) face significant challenges, struggling to navigate environments and locate objects due to limited visual cues. Spatial reasoning is crucial for these individuals, as it enables them to understand…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Alexey Magay , Dhurba Tripathi , Yu Hao , Yi Fang

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental capability for embodied intelligence, especially for fine-grained manipulation tasks such as robotic assembly. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit preliminary spatial awareness, they largely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhi Jing , Jinbin Qiao , Ouyang Lu , Jicong Ao , Shuang Qiu , Yu-Gang Jiang , Chenjia Bai

The rapid progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked the potential for enhanced 3D scene understanding and spatial reasoning. A recent line of work explores learning spatial reasoning directly from multi-view images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kanghee Lee , Injae Lee , Minseok Kwak , Jungi Hong , Kwonyoung Ryu , Jaesik Park