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Foundation models excel in stable environments, yet often fail where reliability matters most: medicine, finance, and policy. This Fidelity Paradox is not just a data problem; it is structural. In domains where rules change over time, extra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Steffen Lukas

Non-Volatile Memory devices may soon be a part of main memory, and programming models that give programmers direct access to persistent memory through loads and stores are sought to maximize the performance benefits of these new devices.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Tiancong Wang , James Tuck

Memory systems often organize user-agent interactions as retrievable external memory and are crucial for long-running agents by overcoming the limited context windows of LLMs. However, existing memory systems invoke LLMs to process every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zijie Dai , Shiyuan Deng , Sheng Guan , Yizhou Tian , Xin Yao , Xiao Yan , James Cheng

Sustaining long-term interactions remains a bottleneck for Large Language Models (LLMs), as their limited context windows struggle to manage dialogue histories that extend over time. Existing memory systems often treat interactions as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yiming Shu , Pei Liu , Tiange Zhang , Ruiyang Gao , Jun Ma , Chen Sun

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge for neural networks when tasks are trained sequentially. In this work, we reformulate continual learning as a control problem where learning and preservation signals compete within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Sander de Haan , Yassine Taoudi-Benchekroun , Pau Vilimelis Aceituno , Benjamin F. Grewe

To support long-term interaction in complex environments, LLM agents require memory systems that manage historical experiences. Existing approaches either retain full interaction histories via passive context extension, leading to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jiaqi Liu , Yaofeng Su , Peng Xia , Siwei Han , Zeyu Zheng , Cihang Xie , Mingyu Ding , Huaxiu Yao

We survey the current state of phase change memory (PCM), a non-volatile solid-state memory technology built around the large electrical contrast between the highly-resistive amorphous and highly-conductive crystalline states in so-called…

Storage Class Memory (SCM) is a class of memory technology which has recently become viable for use. Their namearises from the fact that they exhibit non-volatility of data, similar to secondary storage while also having latencies…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Aditya K Kamath , Leslie Monis , A Tarun Karthik , Basavaraj Talawar

Prompt-injected memory can improve reasoning without updating model weights, but it also creates a control problem: retrieved content helps only when it is applied in the right state. We study this problem in a strict training-free setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yanzhen Lu , Muchen Jiang , Zhicheng Qian , Xingyu Zhou

Multiprocess systems, including grid systems, multiprocessors and multicore computers, incorporate a variety of specialized hardware and software mechanisms, which speed computation, but result in complex memory behavior. As a consequence,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-06-04 Steven Cheng , Lisa Higham , Jalal Kawash

We used survival analysis to quantify the impact of postdischarge evaluation and management (E/M) services in preventing hospital readmission or death. Our approach avoids a specific pitfall of applying machine learning to this problem,…

Most evaluations of External Memory Module assume a static setting: memory is built offline and queried at a fixed state. In practice, memory is streaming: new facts arrive continuously, insertions interleave with retrievals, and the memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ruicheng Zhang , Xinyi Li , Tianyi Xu , Shuhao Zhang , Xiaofei Liao , Hai Jin

A memory consistency model specifies the allowed behaviors of shared memory concurrent programs. At the language level, these models are known to have a non-trivial impact on the safety of program optimizations, limiting the ability to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Akshay Gopalakrishnan , Clark Verbrugge , Mark Batty

Catastrophic forgetting in continual learning is a common destructive phenomenon in gradient-based neural networks that learn sequential tasks, and it is much different from forgetting in humans, who can learn and accumulate knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Guannan Hu , Wu Zhang , Hu Ding , Wenhao Zhu

Large language models deployed as autonomous agents face critical memory limitations, lacking selective forgetting mechanisms that lead to either catastrophic forgetting at context boundaries or information overload within them. While human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Lei Wei , Xiao Peng , Xu Dong , Niantao Xie , Bin Wang

Making neural networks remember over the long term has been a longstanding issue. Although several external memory techniques have been introduced, most focus on retaining recent information in the short term. Regardless of its importance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Sangjun Park , JinYeong Bak

With memory encoding reliant on persistent changes in the properties of synapses, a key question is how can memories be maintained from days to months or a lifetime given molecular turnover? It is likely that positive feedback loops are…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-04-18 Paul Smolen , Douglas A. Baxter , John H. Byrne

Long-context memory systems often fail under fixed budgets, but end-to-end evaluation does not reveal whether evidence was discarded during compression or preserved but never retrieved. We introduce a four-condition diagnostic protocol that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiangnan Yu , Kisson Songqi Lin , Jilong Wu

We present a theoretical study of continual and experiential learning in large language model agents that combine episodic memory with reinforcement learning. We argue that the key mechanism for continual adaptation, without updating model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jun Wang

Efficient exploration has presented a long-standing challenge in reinforcement learning, especially when rewards are sparse. A developmental system can overcome this difficulty by learning from both demonstrations and self-exploration.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Siqing Hou , Dongqi Han , Jun Tani