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LLM implementations are failing in highly regulated industries owing to instability issues, inconsistent reasoning, hallucinations and performance variability, especially in workflows. These reliability issues restrict safe use of LLM in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Gangesh Pathak , Prasanna Kumar

Assurance cases are often required to certify critical systems. The use of formal methods in assurance can improve automation, increase confidence, and overcome errant reasoning. However, assurance cases can never be fully formalised, as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Simon Foster , Yakoub Nemouchi , Mario Gleirscher , Ran Wei , Tim Kelly

We introduce a framework for lightweight dependency syntax annotation. Our formalism builds upon the typical representation for unlabeled dependencies, permitting a simple notation and annotation workflow. Moreover, the formalism encourages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Nathan Schneider , Brendan O'Connor , Naomi Saphra , David Bamman , Manaal Faruqui , Noah A. Smith , Chris Dyer , Jason Baldridge

Single-cell RNA sequencing has transformed our ability to identify diverse cell types and their transcriptomic signatures. However, annotating these signatures-especially those involving poorly characterized genes-remains a major challenge.…

We investigate a class of nominal algebraic Henkin-style models for the simply typed lambda-calculus in which variables map to names in the denotation and lambda-abstraction maps to a (non-functional) name-abstraction operation. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-02 Murdoch J. Gabbay , Dominic P. Mulligan

We describe an experiment in large-scale autoformalization of algebraic topology in an Interactive Theorem Proving (ITP) environment, where the workload is distributed among multiple LLM-based coding agents. Rather than relying on static…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chad E. Brown , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Annotated data has become the most important bottleneck in training accurate machine learning models, especially for areas that require domain expertise. A recent approach to deal with the above issue proposes using natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Yannis Papanikolaou

In this paper, we present a general realizability semantics for the simply typed $\lambda\mu$-calculus. Then, based on this semantics, we derive both weak and strong normalization results for two versions of the $\lambda\mu$-calculus…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-05-14 Peter Battyanyi , Karim Nour

Supervised learning relies on high-quality labeled data, but obtaining such data through human annotation is both expensive and time-consuming. Recent work explores using large language models (LLMs) for annotation, but LLM-generated labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Andi Han , Feng Chen , Qiuzheng Chen , Jiawen Li , Zhaoyang Li , Jiyuan Li , Zhenbang Sun , Junbin Gao

Fine-tuning LLMs for classification typically maps inputs directly to labels. We ask whether attaching brief explanations to each label during fine-tuning yields better models. We evaluate conversational response quality along three axes:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Vivswan Shah , Randy Cogill , Hanwei Yue , Gopinath Chennupati , Rinat Khaziev

We present techniques for reasoning about constructor classes that (like the monad class) fix polymorphic operations and assert polymorphic axioms. We do not require a logic with first-class type constructors, first-class polymorphism, or…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-07-16 Brian Huffman

Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

Machine learning models for text classification are trained to predict a class for a given text. To do this, training and validation samples must be prepared: a set of texts is collected, and each text is assigned a class. These classes are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aleksandr Tsymbalov , Mikhail Khovrichev

Recent AI-assistant agents, such as ChatGPT, predominantly rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with human annotations and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) to align the output of large language models (LLMs) with human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zhiqing Sun , Yikang Shen , Qinhong Zhou , Hongxin Zhang , Zhenfang Chen , David Cox , Yiming Yang , Chuang Gan

Typing of lambda-terms in Elementary and Light Affine Logic (EAL, LAL, resp.) has been studied for two different reasons: on the one hand the evaluation of typed terms using LAL (EAL, resp.) proof-nets admits a guaranteed polynomial…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Patrick Baillot , Paolo Coppola , Ugo Dal Lago

Previous work has demonstrated that AI methods for analysing scientific literature benefit significantly from annotating sentences in papers according to their rhetorical roles, such as research gaps, results, limitations, extensions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Francisco Bolaños , Angelo Salatino , Francesco Osborne , Enrico Motta

Active learning (AL) is a human-and-model-in-the-loop paradigm that iteratively selects informative unlabeled data for human annotation, aiming to improve over random sampling. However, performing AL experiments with human annotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Katerina Margatina , Nikolaos Aletras

Image tagging, a fundamental vision task, traditionally relies on human-annotated datasets to train multi-label classifiers, which incurs significant labor and costs. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) offer promising potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Ming-Kun Xie , Jia-Hao Xiao , Zhiqiang Kou , Zhongnian Li , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Induction lies at the heart of mathematics and computer science. However, automated theorem proving of inductive problems is still limited in its power. In this abstract, we first summarize our progress in automating inductive theorem…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-27 Yutaka Nagashima

Human-annotated preference data play an important role in aligning large language models (LLMs). In this paper, we study two connected questions: how to monitor the quality of human preference annotators and how to incentivize them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Zhongyao Ma , Xiaocheng Li