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We present an executable formally verified SAT encoding of classical AI planning. We use the theorem prover Isabelle/HOL to perform the verification. We experimentally test the verified encoding and show that it can be used for reasonably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Mohammad Abdulaziz , Friedrich Kurz

We introduce Fluid Annotation, an intuitive human-machine collaboration interface for annotating the class label and outline of every object and background region in an image. Fluid annotation is based on three principles: (I) Strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Mykhaylo Andriluka , Jasper R. R. Uijlings , Vittorio Ferrari

Large language models (LLMs) can label data faster and cheaper than humans for various NLP tasks. Despite their prowess, LLMs may fall short in understanding of complex, sociocultural, or domain-specific context, potentially leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Hannah Kim , Kushan Mitra , Rafael Li Chen , Sajjadur Rahman , Dan Zhang

Automatic translation of natural language mathematics into faithful Lean 4 code is hindered by the fundamental dissonance between informal set-theoretic intuition and strict formal type theory. This gap often causes LLMs to hallucinate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ke Zhang , Patricio Gallardo , Maziar Raissi , Sudhir Murthy

Large language models (LLMs) have been used to generate formal proofs of mathematical theorems in proofs assistants such as Lean. However, we often want to optimize a formal proof with respect to various criteria, depending on its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Riyaz Ahuja , Jeremy Avigad , Prasad Tetali , Sean Welleck

Large language models (LLMs) hold great promise for educational applications, particularly in intelligent tutoring systems. However, effective tutoring requires alignment with pedagogical strategies - something current LLMs lack without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kseniia Petukhova , Ekaterina Kochmar

Data annotation remains a significant bottleneck in the Humanities and Social Sciences, particularly for complex semantic tasks such as metaphor identification. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise, a significant gap remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Bingru Li

Representation determines how we can reason about a specific problem. Sometimes one representation helps us find a proof more easily than others. Most current automated reasoning tools focus on reasoning within one representation. There is,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-12 Daniel Raggi , Alan Bundy , Gudmund Grov , Alison Pease

Agentic workflows, where multiple AI agents collaborate to accomplish complex tasks like reasoning or planning, play a substantial role in many cutting-edge commercial applications, and continue to fascinate researchers across fields for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Deepak Pandita , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Ankit Parag Shah , Isabelle Diana May-Xin Ng , Christopher M. Homan , Wei Wei

Converging evidence suggests that human systems of semantic categories achieve near-optimal compression via the Information Bottleneck (IB) complexity-accuracy tradeoff. Large language models (LLMs) are not trained for this objective, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Nathaniel Imel , Noga Zaslavsky

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical propositions into verifiable formal representations, is a foundational task in automated theorem proving, offering a new perspective on the use of mathematics in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ke Weng , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang

Recently, large language models have facilitated the emergence of highly intelligent conversational AI capable of engaging in human-like dialogues. However, a notable distinction lies in the fact that these AI models predominantly generate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jijie Zhou , Yuhan Hu

This is an overview of the Isabelle technology behind the Archive of Formal Proofs (AFP). Interactive development and quasi-interactive build jobs impose significant demands of scalability on the logic (usually Isabelle/HOL), on Isabelle/ML…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Makarius Wenzel

We significantly improve the performance of the E automated theorem prover on the Isabelle Sledgehammer problems by combining learning and theorem proving in several ways. In particular, we develop targeted versions of the ENIGMA guidance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Zarathustra A. Goertzel , Jan Jakubův , Cezary Kaliszyk , Miroslav Olšák , Jelle Piepenbrock , Josef Urban

In this project, we have investigated the use of advanced machine learning methods, specifically fine-tuned large language models, for pre-annotating data for a lexical extension task, namely adding descriptive words (verbs) to an existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Jana Straková , Eva Fučíková , Jan Hajič , Zdeňka Urešová

We present a dataset of manually annotated relationships between characters in literary texts, in order to support the training and evaluation of automatic methods for relation type prediction in this domain (Makazhanov et al., 2014;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-12-03 Philip Massey , Patrick Xia , David Bamman , Noah A. Smith

Proof assistants, such as Isabelle/HOL, offer tools to facilitate inductive theorem proving. Isabelle experts know how to use these tools effectively; however, they did not have a systematic way to encode their expertise. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-08 Yutaka Nagashima

We present Isabellm, an LLM-powered theorem prover for Isabelle/HOL that performs fully automatic proof synthesis. Isabellm works with any local LLM on Ollama and APIs such as Gemini CLI, and it is designed to run on consumer grade…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Zhe Hou

Modern AI agents optimize programs by refactoring source code to trigger trusted compiler transformations. This preserves program semantics and reduces source code pollution, making the program easier to maintain and portable across…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Akash Deo , Simone Campanoni , Tommy McMichen

Large pre-trained language models have achieved impressive results on various style classification tasks, but they often learn spurious domain-specific words to make predictions (Hayati et al., 2021). While human explanation highlights…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Shirley Anugrah Hayati , Kyumin Park , Dheeraj Rajagopal , Lyle Ungar , Dongyeop Kang