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Large language models are often adapted using parameter-efficient techniques such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), formulated as $y = W_0x + BAx$, where $W_0$ is the pre-trained parameters and $x$ is the input to the adapted layer. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Ban , Kaiyi Ji

Deep learning models trained to optimize average accuracy often exhibit systematic failures on particular subpopulations. In real world settings, the subpopulations most affected by such disparities are frequently unlabeled or unknown,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abinitha Gourabathina , Hyewon Jeong , Teya Bergamaschi , Marzyeh Ghassemi , Collin Stultz

In this paper, we propose SubLoRA, a rank determination method for Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) based on submodular function maximization. In contrast to prior approaches, such as AdaLoRA, that rely on first-order (linearized) approximations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yihang Gao , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) layers have emerged as a promising approach for efficient model fine-tuning, but their capabilities and limitations have not been fully explored. This paper: 1) Investigates the fundamental question of whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Neel Redkar

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has become an essential approach for adapting large-scale pre-trained models while reducing computational costs. Among PEFT methods, LoRA significantly reduces trainable parameters by decomposing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jiancheng Zhao , Xingda Yu , Zhen Yang

Current research on LoRA primarily focuses on minimizing the number of fine-tuned parameters or optimizing its architecture. However, the necessity of all fine-tuned LoRA layers during inference remains underexplored. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Guanhua Chen , Yutong Yao , Ci-Jun Gao , Lidia S. Chao , Feng Wan , Derek F. Wong

Many real-world applications collect data in a streaming environment, where learning tasks are encountered sequentially. This necessitates continual learning (CL) to update models online, enabling adaptation to new tasks while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yu-Yang Qian , Yuan-Ze Xu , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Peng Zhao , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a leading parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique for adapting large foundation models, yet it often locks adapters into suboptimal minima near their initialization. This hampers model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhan Zhuang , Xiequn Wang , Wei Li , Yulong Zhang , Qiushi Huang , Shuhao Chen , Xuehao Wang , Yanbin Wei , Yuhe Nie , Kede Ma , Yu Zhang , Ying Wei

Low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a powerful method for fine-tuning large-scale foundation models. Despite its popularity, the theoretical understanding of LoRA has remained limited. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Tuan Truong , Chau Nguyen , Huy Nguyen , Minh Le , Trung Le , Nhat Ho

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a dominant method in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) for large language models, which augments the transformer layer with one down-projection $A$ and one up-projection $B$. However, LoRA's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qin Dong , Yuntian Tang , Heming Jia , Yunhang Shen , Bohan Jia , Wenxuan Huang , Lianyue Zhang , Jiao Xie , Shaohui Lin , Rongrong Ji

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) remains structurally uncertain despite parameter-efficient methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), as the layer-specific roles of internal representations are poorly understood, leading to…

In recent years, pretrained large language models have demonstrated outstanding performance across various natural language processing tasks. However, full-parameter fine-tuning methods require adjusting all model parameters, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiancheng Zhao , Xingda Yu , Yuxiang Zhang , Zhen Yang

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for adapting large-scale pre-trained models to downstream tasks with minimal additional parameters. Among PEFT methods, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) stands out for its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghiem T. Diep , Dung Le , Tuan Truong , Tan Dinh , Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various tasks, but fine-tuning them for domain-specific applications often requires substantial domain-specific data that may be distributed across multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Lei Wang , Jieming Bian , Letian Zhang , Jie Xu

Fine-tuning techniques based on Large Pretrained Language Models (LPLMs) have been proven to significantly enhance model performance on a variety of downstream tasks and effectively control the output behaviors of LPLMs. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yao Liang , Yuwei Wang , Yang Li , Yi Zeng

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a new paradigm for cost-efficient fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs). However, fine-tuned LLMs often become overconfident especially when fine-tuned on small datasets. Bayesian methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Adam X. Yang , Maxime Robeyns , Xi Wang , Laurence Aitchison

LoRA-based large model parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods use low-rank de- composition to approximate updates to model parameters. However, compared to full- parameter fine-tuning, low-rank updates often lead to a performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Haojie Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for foundation models, but it suffers from parameter interference, resulting in suboptimal performance. Although Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)-based LoRA variants…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Heming Zou , Yunliang Zang , Wutong Xu , Yao Zhu , Xiangyang Ji

The rising popularity of large foundation models has led to a heightened demand for parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which offer performance comparable to full model fine-tuning while requiring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Farzad Farhadzadeh , Debasmit Das , Shubhankar Borse , Fatih Porikli

We propose TLoRA, a novel tri-matrix low-rank adaptation method that decomposes weight updates into three matrices: two fixed random matrices and one trainable matrix, combined with a learnable, layer-wise scaling factor. This tri-matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tanvir Islam