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Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) model the behavior of molecules in a well-mixed system. The emerging field of molecular programming uses CRNs not only as a descriptive tool, but as a programming language for chemical computation.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-09-04 Adam Case , Jack H. Lutz , D. M. Stull

This paper is concerned with programming adaptive linear neural networks (ALNNs) using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) equipped with mass-action kinetics. Through individually programming the forward propagation and the backpropagation of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-04-14 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao

Molecular computation based on chemical reaction networks (CRNs) has emerged as a promising paradigm for designing programmable biochemical systems. However, the implementation of complex computations still requires excessively large and…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-17 Renlei Jiang , Yuzhen Fan , Di Fan , Chuanhou Gao , Denis Dochain

We show that if a chemical reaction network (CRN) admits nondegenerate (resp., linearly stable) oscillation, and we add new reversible reactions involving new species to this CRN, then the new CRN so created also admits nondegenerate…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-06-14 Murad Banaji

This paper answers an open question of Chen, Doty, and Soloveichik [1], who showed that a function f:N^k --> N^l is deterministically computable by a stochastic chemical reaction network (CRN) if and only if the graph of f is a semilinear…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-04-17 David Doty , Monir Hajiaghayi

Across many disciplines, chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are an established population model defined as a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In many applications, for example, in systems biology and epidemiology,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-23 Kim G. Larsen , Daniele Toller , Mirco Tribastone , Max Tschaikowski , Andrea Vandin

Chemical reaction networks (CRN) comprise an important class of models to understand biological functions such as cellular information processing, the robustness and control of metabolic pathways, circadian rhythms, and many more. However,…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-25 Dimitri Loutchko , Yuki Sughiyama , Tetsuya J. Kobayashi

The Turing completeness of continuous Chemical Reaction Networks (CRNs) states that any computable real function can be computed by a continuous CRN on a finite set of molecular species, possibly restricted to elementary reactions, i.e.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-24 Mathieu Hemery , François Fages

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) provide state-of-the-art performance in processing sequential data but are memory intensive to train, limiting the flexibility of RNN models which can be trained. Reversible RNNs---RNNs for which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Matthew MacKay , Paul Vicol , Jimmy Ba , Roger Grosse

Recent progress in machine learning has sparked increased interest in utilizing this technology to predict the outcomes of chemical reactions. The ultimate aim of such endeavors is to develop a universal model that can predict products for…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-07-03 Daniel Julian , Jesús Pérez-Ríos

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are directed graphs with reactant or product complexes as vertices, and reactions as arcs. A CRN is weakly reversible if each of its connected components is strongly connected. Weakly reversible networks…

Recent research into analog computing has introduced new notions of computing real numbers. Huang, Klinge, Lathrop, Li, and Lutz defined a notion of computing real numbers in real-time with chemical reaction networks (CRNs), introducing the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Willem Fletcher , Titus H. Klinge , James I. Lathrop , Dawn A. Nye , Matthew Rayman

Chemical reactor networks (CRNs) enable simulations of combustion reactors with detailed chemical kinetics and strongly simplified flow structure. In this paper, the implementation of a reactor component with less idealized flow structure,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-05-22 Lisanne Gossel , Mathis Fricke , Dieter Bothe

We introduce a new model of \emph{step} Chemical Reaction Networks (step CRNs), motivated by the step-wise addition of materials in standard lab procedures. Step CRNs have ordered reactants that transform into products via reaction rules…

Information processing relying on biochemical interactions in the cellular environment is essential for biological organisms. The implementation of molecular computational systems holds significant interest and potential in the fields of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-12-01 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao , Denis Dochain

Mass-action kinetics is frequently used in systems biology to model the behaviour of interacting chemical species. Many important dynamical properties are known to hold for such systems if they are weakly reversible and have a low…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2014-07-15 Matthew D. Johnston , David Siegel , Gábor Szederkényi

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) provide a convenient language for modelling a broad variety of biological systems. These models are commonly studied with respect to the time series they generate in deterministic or stochastic simulations.…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2019-07-11 Ozan Kahramanoğulları

Reaction networks (RNs) comprise a set $X$ of species and a set $\mathscr{R}$ of reactions $Y\to Y'$, each converting a multiset of educts $Y\subseteq X$ into a multiset $Y'\subseteq X$ of products. RNs are equivalent to directed…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-06 Stefan Müller , Christoph Flamm , Peter F. Stadler

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a widely used tool for modeling sequential data, yet they are often treated as inscrutable black boxes. Given a trained recurrent network, we would like to reverse engineer it--to obtain a quantitative,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Niru Maheswaranathan , Alex Williams , Matthew D. Golub , Surya Ganguli , David Sussillo

We propose a unified framework that allows for the full mechanistic reconstruction of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) from concentration data. The framework utilizes an integral formulation of the differential equations governing the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Abraham Reyes-Velazquez , Stefan Güttel , Igor Larrosa , Jonas Latz