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Multi-controlled single-target (MC) gates are some of the most crucial building blocks for varied quantum algorithms. How to implement them optimally is thus a pivotal question. To answer this question in an architecture-independent manner,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-01 Ben Zindorf , Sougato Bose

We consider the problem of synthesizing Clifford quantum circuits for devices with all-to-all qubit connectivity. We approach this task as a reinforcement learning problem in which an agent learns to discover a sequence of elementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Richie Yeung , Aleks Kissinger , Rob Cornish

Many physical implementations of quantum computers impose stringent memory constraints in which 2-qubit operations can only be performed between qubits which are nearest neighbours in a lattice or graph structure. Hence, before a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-28 Aleks Kissinger , Arianne Meijer-van de Griend

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ), executing quantum algorithms on actual quantum devices faces unique challenges. One such challenge is that quantum devices in this era have restricted connectivity: quantum gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-16 Yao Tang

Quantum computing carries significant potential for addressing practical problems. However, currently available quantum devices suffer from noisy quantum gates, which degrade the fidelity of executed quantum circuits. Therefore, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Ji Liu , Alvin Gonzales , Benchen Huang , Zain Hamid Saleem , Paul Hovland

IBM has made several quantum computers available to researchers around the world via cloud services. Two architectures with five qubits, one with 16, and one with 20 qubits are available to run experiments. The IBM architectures implement…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Gerhard W. Dueck , Anirban Pathak , Md Mazder Rahman , Abhishek Shukla , Anindita Banerjee

There are various gate sets that can be used to describe a quantum computation. A particularly popular gate set in the literature on quantum computing consists of arbitrary single-qubit gates and 2-qubit CNOT gates. A CNOT gate is however…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 John van de Wetering

Variational quantum algorithms hold the promise to address meaningful quantum problems already on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware. In spite of the promise, they face the challenge of designing quantum circuits that both solve the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Akash Kundu , Stefano Mangini

Resource-efficient and high-precision approximate synthesis of quantum circuits expressed in the Clifford+T gate set is vital for Fault-Tolerant quantum computing. Efficient optimal methods are known for single-qubit RZ unitaries, otherwise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Mathias Weiden , Justin Kalloor , John Kubiatowicz , Ed Younis , Costin Iancu

In Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, quantum processing units (QPUs) suffer from, among others, highly limited connectivity between physical qubits. To make a quantum circuit effectively executable, a circuit transformation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-26 Xiangzhen Zhou , Yuan Feng , Sanjiang Li

Compiling quantum circuits to account for hardware restrictions is an essential part of the quantum computing stack. Circuit compilation allows us to adapt algorithm descriptions into a sequence of operations supported by real quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Alejandro Villoria , Henning Basold , Alfons Laarman

In this work, a novel quantum neural network is introduced as a means to approximate any unitary evolution through the Standard Recursive Block Basis (SRBB) and is subsequently redesigned with the number of CNOTs asymptotically reduced by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Giacomo Belli , Marco Mordacci , Michele Amoretti

The increasing depth of quantum circuits presents a major limitation for the execution of quantum algorithms, as the limited coherence time of physical qubits leads to noise that manifests as errors during computation. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Spyros Tserkis , Muhammad Umer , Dimitris G. Angelakis

We consider the problem of the variational quantum circuit synthesis into a gate set consisting of the CNOT gate and arbitrary single-qubit (1q) gates with the primary target being the minimization of the CNOT count. First we note that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Nikita A. Nemkov , Evgeniy O. Kiktenko , Ilia A. Luchnikov , Aleksey K. Fedorov

Quantum noise in real-world devices poses a significant challenge in achieving practical quantum advantage, since accurately compiled and executed circuits are typically deep and highly susceptible to decoherence. To facilitate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

This paper considers the problem of quantum compilation from an optimization perspective by fixing a circuit structure of CNOTs and rotation gates then optimizing over the rotation angles. We solve the optimization problem classically and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Liam Madden , Albert Akhriev , Andrea Simonetto

Quantum Computing (QC) stands to revolutionize computing, but is currently still limited. To develop and test quantum algorithms today, quantum circuits are often simulated on classical computers. Simulating a complex quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-21 Eli A. Meirom , Haggai Maron , Shie Mannor , Gal Chechik

We perform optimal-control-theory calculations to determine the minimum number of two-qubit CNOT gates needed to perform quantum state preparation and unitary operator synthesis for few-qubit systems. By considering all possible gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Sahel Ashhab , Naoki Yamamoto , Fumiki Yoshihara , Kouichi Semba

The advancement in quantum technology has brought the implementation of Grover's Search attack on cybersecurity algorithms much closer to reality. For such tasks, the Hilbert space has to be designed to make the relation between the input…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Syed Shahmir , Ghulam Murtaza , Ala-Al-Fuqaha , Saif Al-Kuwari , Tasawar Abbas

The current phase of quantum computing is in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. On NISQ devices, two-qubit gates such as CNOTs are much noisier than single-qubit gates, so it is essential to minimize their count. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-24 Xin-Chuan Wu , Marc Grau Davis , Frederic T. Chong , Costin Iancu