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Steering vectors have emerged as a lightweight and effective approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) at inference time, enabling modulation over model behaviors by shifting LLM representations towards a target behavior. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Soham Gadgil , Chris Lin , Su-In Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) are capable of generating persuasive Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) to justify their answers. However, the faithfulness of these explanations should not be readily trusted at face value. Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning abilities in solving complex real-world problems. Yet, the internal mechanisms driving these complex reasoning behaviors remain opaque. Existing interpretability approaches targeting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Changming Li , Kaixing Zhang , Haoyun Xu , Yingdong Shi , Zheng Zhang , Kaitao Song , Kan Ren

The success of large language models has garnered widespread attention for model merging techniques, especially training-free methods which combine model capabilities within the parameter space. However, two challenges remain: (1) uniform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Jiaqi Han , Jingwen Ye , Shunyu Liu , Haofei Zhang , Jie Song , Zunlei Feng , Mingli Song

Accurate building load forecasting plays a critical role in facilitating demand response aggregation and optimizing energy management. However, the complex temporal dependencies and high volatility of building loads limit the improvement of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Hang Fan , Ying Lu , Weican Liu , Dunnan Liu , Xiaotao Chen , Shengwei Mei

The focus in machine learning has branched beyond training classifiers on a single task to investigating how previously acquired knowledge in a source domain can be leveraged to facilitate learning in a related target domain, known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Tyler R. Scott , Karl Ridgeway , Michael C. Mozer

Large language models of high parameter counts are computationally expensive, yet can be made much more efficient by compressing their weights to very low numerical precision. This can be achieved either through post-training quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Zifei Xu , Sayeh Sharify , Wanzin Yazar , Tristan Webb , Xin Wang

Weighted Model Integration (WMI) is a popular formalism aimed at unifying approaches for probabilistic inference in hybrid domains, involving logical and algebraic constraints. Despite a considerable amount of recent work, allowing WMI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Giuseppe Spallitta , Gabriele Masina , Paolo Morettin , Andrea Passerini , Roberto Sebastiani

The integration of new modalities enhances the capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) but also introduces additional vulnerabilities. In particular, simple visual jailbreaking attacks can manipulate open-source MLLMs more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Runqi Lin , Alasdair Paren , Suqin Yuan , Muyang Li , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Tongliang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) frequently achieve impressive scores on standardized benchmarks, yet accuracy alone offers a limited view of their capabilities. Evaluating open-source LLMs through leaderboards faces persistent issues like data…

Current deep neural networks (DNNs) can easily overfit to biased training data with corrupted labels or class imbalance. Sample re-weighting strategy is commonly used to alleviate this issue by designing a weighting function mapping from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-30 Jun Shu , Qi Xie , Lixuan Yi , Qian Zhao , Sanping Zhou , Zongben Xu , Deyu Meng

The goal of mechanistic interpretability is discovering simpler, low-rank algorithms implemented by models. While we can compress activations into features, compressing nonlinear feature-maps -- like MLP layers -- is an open problem. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Chun Hei Yip , Rajashree Agrawal , Lawrence Chan , Jason Gross

We propose Dynamic Meta-Metrics (DMM), a framework for machine translation evaluation that learns source-sentence conditioned combinations of existing metrics. Rather than relying on a single static ensemble or language-specific weighting,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Luke Zhang , Justin Vasselli , Aditya Khan , York Hay Ng , En-Shiun Annie Lee

Low-bit weight-only quantization significantly reduces the memory footprint of large language models (LLMs), but disproportionately affects certain examples. We analyze diverse 3-4 bit methods on LLMs ranging from 7B-70B in size and find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ting-Yun Chang , Muru Zhang , Jesse Thomason , Robin Jia

We present a model inspired by the Global Workspace Theory that integrates specialized modules to perform a sequential reasoning task. A controller selectively routes information between modules through the workspace using a gating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Hugo Chateau-Laurent , Rufin VanRullen

Large Language Models (LLMs), built on Transformer architectures, exhibit remarkable generalization across a wide range of tasks. However, fine-tuning these models for specific tasks remains resource-intensive due to their extensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Xinhao Yao , Hongjin Qian , Xiaolin Hu , Gengze Xu , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Yong Liu

Large pre-trained models (LPMs), such as large language models, have become ubiquitous and are employed in many applications. These models are often adapted to a desired domain or downstream task through a fine-tuning stage. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Juan Pablo Muñoz , Jinjie Yuan , Nilesh Jain

Skills are a natural unit for describing what a language model can do and how its behavior can be changed. However, existing characterizations rely on human-written taxonomies, textual descriptions, or manual profiling pipelines--all…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Feiyang Kang , Mahavir Dabas , Myeongseob Ko , Ruoxi Jia

Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can assess relevance and support information retrieval (IR) tasks such as document ranking and relevance judgment generation. However, the internal mechanisms by which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Qi Liu , Jiaxin Mao , Ji-Rong Wen

Large language models (LLMs) consistently benefit from further fine-tuning on various tasks. However, we observe that directly tuning the Instruct (i.e., instruction-tuned) models often leads to marginal improvements and even performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Taiqiang Wu , Runming Yang , Jiayi Li , Pengfei Hu , Yik-Chung Wu , Ngai Wong , Yujiu Yang