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Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to adversarial prompting despite advances in alignment and safety, often exhibiting harmful behaviors under novel attack strategies. While adversarial training can improve robustness, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yiwei Zhang , Jeremiah Birrell , Reza Ebrahimi , Rouzbeh Behnia , Jason Pacheco , Elisa Bertino

Research endeavors have been made in learning robust Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) against jailbreak attacks. However, existing methods for improving MLLMs' robustness still face critical challenges: \ding{172} how to efficiently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Liming Lu , Xiang Gu , Shuchao Pang , Siyuan Liang , Haotian Zhu , Xiyu Zeng , Xu Zheng , Yongbin Zhou

The security of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become an important research topic since the emergence of ChatGPT. Though there have been various effective methods to defend against jailbreak attacks, prefilling attacks remain an unsolved…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Zhiyu Xue , Guangliang Liu , Bocheng Chen , Kristen Marie Johnson , Ramtin Pedarsani

For years, adversarial training has been extensively studied in natural language processing (NLP) settings. The main goal is to make models robust so that similar inputs derive in semantically similar outcomes, which is not a trivial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Daniela N. Rim , DongNyeong Heo , Heeyoul Choi

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in recent advancements, their susceptibility to jailbreak attacks has come to light. In such attacks, adversaries exploit carefully crafted prompts to coerce…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ziyi Yin , Yuanpu Cao , Han Liu , Ting Wang , Jinghui Chen , Fenhlong Ma

Adversarial training (AT) is among the most effective techniques to improve model robustness by augmenting training data with adversarial examples. However, most existing AT methods adopt a specific attack to craft adversarial examples,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Yinpeng Dong , Zhijie Deng , Tianyu Pang , Hang Su , Jun Zhu

Many adversarial defense methods have been proposed to enhance the adversarial robustness of natural language processing models. However, most of them introduce additional pre-set linguistic knowledge and assume that the synonym candidates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yichen Yang , Xin Liu , Kun He

Deep Metric Learning (DML) has shown remarkable successes in many domains by taking advantage of powerful deep neural networks. Deep neural networks are prone to adversarial attacks and could be easily fooled by adversarial examples. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xiaopeng Ke

Generalization and robustness are both key desiderata for designing machine learning methods. Adversarial training can enhance robustness, but past work often finds it hurts generalization. In natural language processing (NLP), pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Pengcheng He , Weizhu Chen , Yu Wang , Hoifung Poon , Jianfeng Gao

Adversarial training, which minimizes the maximal risk for label-preserving input perturbations, has proved to be effective for improving the generalization of language models. In this work, we propose a novel adversarial training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Chen Zhu , Yu Cheng , Zhe Gan , Siqi Sun , Tom Goldstein , Jingjing Liu

Despite their impressive capabilities, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit perceptual fragility when confronted with visually complex scenes. This weakness stems from a reliance on finite training datasets, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yicheng Bao , Xuhong Wang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Chaochao Lu , Xia Hu , Xin Tan

In real life, adversarial attack to deep learning models is a fatal security issue. However, the issue has been rarely discussed in a widely used class-incremental continual learning (CICL). In this paper, we address problems of applying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Minchan Kwon , Kangil Kim

Adversarial training (AT) refers to integrating adversarial examples -- inputs altered with imperceptible perturbations that can significantly impact model predictions -- into the training process. Recent studies have demonstrated the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Mengnan Zhao , Lihe Zhang , Jingwen Ye , Huchuan Lu , Baocai Yin , Xinchao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various domains but remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks. Existing prompt-defense strategies, including parameter-modifying and parameter-free approaches, face…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Ziyi Ni , Hao Wang , Huacan Wang

Over the past decade, there has been extensive research aimed at enhancing the robustness of neural networks, yet this problem remains vastly unsolved. Here, one major impediment has been the overestimation of the robustness of new defense…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Leo Schwinn , David Dobre , Stephan Günnemann , Gauthier Gidel

In this work, we make two contributions towards understanding of in-context learning of linear models by transformers. First, we investigate the adversarial robustness of in-context learning in transformers to hijacking attacks -- a type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Usman Anwar , Johannes Von Oswald , Louis Kirsch , David Krueger , Spencer Frei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in performing tasks across various domains without needing explicit retraining. This capability, known as In-Context Learning (ICL), while impressive, exposes LLMs to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Bibek Upadhayay , Vahid Behzadan , Amin Karbasi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success in various tasks, yet their safety and the risk of generating harmful content remain pressing concerns. In this paper, we delve into the potential of In-Context Learning (ICL) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zeming Wei , Yifei Wang , Ang Li , Yichuan Mo , Yisen Wang

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) and has evolved into multiple categories: human-based, optimization-based, generation-based, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Xunguang Wang , Daoyuan Wu , Zhenlan Ji , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Yang Liu , Ning Liu , Juergen Rahmel

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in diverse real-world settings, yet remain vulnerable to jailbreaking, where prompt-based attacks bypass safety filters. We present THREAT (Targeted Harmful generation via Reframing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shahnewaz Karim Sakib , Swati Kar , Anindya Bijoy Das