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Related papers: Grid-Forming Characterization in DC Microgrids

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Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a precise method for quantifying GFM converter behavior and a universally accepted GFM definition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-24 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Regulating the voltage of the common DC bus, also referred to as the load bus, in DC microgrids is crucial for ensuring reliability and maintaining the nominal load voltage, which is essential for protecting sensitive loads from voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Nabil Mohammed , Shehab Ahmed , Charalambos Konstantinou

Restricting bus voltage deviation is crucial for normal operation of multi-bus DC microgrids, yet it has received insufficient attention due to the conflict between two main control objectives in DC microgrids, i.e., voltage regulation and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-24 Handong Bai , Peng Li , Hongwei Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) control has been considered a promising solution for accommodating large-scale power electronics converters into modern power grids thanks to its grid-friendly dynamics, in particular, voltage source behavior on the AC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-23 Huanhai Xin , Chenxi Liu , Xia Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Linbin Huang

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin

Distributed secondary control plays an important role in DC microgrids, since it ensures system control objectives, which are power sharing and DC bus voltage stability. Previous studies have suggested using a control architecture that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-18 T. V. Vu , S. Paran , F. Diaz , T. E. Meyzani , C. S. Edrington

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

In this paper, we propose a novel four-stage distributed controller for a DC microgrid that achieves power sharing and average voltage regulation for the voltages at actuated and unactuated buses. The controller is presented for a DC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-01 Albertus Johannes Malan , Pol Jané-Soniera , Felix Strehle , Sören Hohmann

Resilience is emerging as an evolving notion, reflecting a system's ability to endure and adapt to sudden and catastrophic changes and disruptions. This paper spotlights the significance of the quantitative resilience indices of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-03 Maral Shadaei , Ali Hosseinipour , Javad Khazaei

We consider the problem of guaranteeing that the transient voltages and currents stay within prescribed bounds in Direct Current (DC) microgrids, when the controller does not have access to accurate system dynamics due to the load being…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-05 K. C. Kosaraju , S. Sivaranjani , V. Gupta

In power systems with high penetration of power electronics, grid-forming control is proposed to replace traditional Grid-Following Converter (GFL) in order to improve the overall system strength and resist small-signal instability in weak…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-31 Guoxuan Cui , Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

In this paper a novel distributed control algorithm for current sharing and voltage regulation in Direct Current (DC) microgrids is proposed. The DC microgrid is composed of several Distributed Generation units (DGUs), including Buck…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-01 Michele Cucuzzella , Sebastian Trip , Claudio De Persis , Xiaodong Cheng , Antonella Ferrara , Arjan van der Schaft

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Hybrid AC/DC transmission grids incorporate Modular Multilevel Converters functioning as Interconnecting Power Converters (IPCs). The control role assigned to each converter significantly influences grid dynamics. Traditionally, these…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-10 Francesca Rossi , Sergi Costa Dilme , Josep Arevalo-Soler , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

This paper presents the development of a mathematical model of a converter state space model for a hybrid microgrid. The hybrid model combines the models of components such as DC-Converters, DC-AC converters, and their individual…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

An islanded inverter-based microgrid is a collection of heterogeneous DC energy resources, e.g., photovoltaic arrays, fuel cells, and energy-storage devices, interfaced to an AC distribution network and operated independently from the bulk…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-28 Taouba Jouini